KNR 184 Final – Flashcards
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The pathway taken by blood from the renal artery to the afferent arteriole is, in correct sequence
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segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery
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The veins that drain the kidney include all of those below except ________.
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segmental veins
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Nephrons consist of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscles are located in the ________ of the kidney.
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cortex
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The juxtamedullary nephrons ________.
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have a nephron loop that penetrates deep into the renal medulla, and play an important role in concentrating urine
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In which segment of the nephron would you find cuboidal cells with many microvilli and mitochondria?
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proximal convoluted tubule
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These cells form a porous membrane surrounding the endothelial cells of the glomerulus.
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podocytes
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Many nephrons empty into a ________
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collecting duct
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During filtration in the nephron, substances move ________.
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from the glomerulus into the nephron
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Tubular secretion in the nephron is a process by which substances move ________.
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from the peritubular capillary into the nephron
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What is true about the renal processes for making urine?
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Filtration occurs only in the glomerular capsule.
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The nephron loops of the juxtamedullary nephrons are surrounded by a looping, ladder-like blood vessel called the ________.
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vasa recta
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The juxtaglomerular apparatus ________.
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is found where the most distal part of the ascending limb of the nephron loop touches the afferent arteriole, contains granular cells in the afferent arteriole that sense blood pressure, and contains a region of chemoreceptor cells called the macula densa in the distal nephron loop
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Micturition is a synonym for ________.
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emptying the bladder
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This type of epithelium is found lining the inside of the urinary bladder.
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transitional
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Name the strong transparent covering that encases the kidney.
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Fibrous capsule
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Where does the ureter penetrate the kidney?
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Hilum
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The ureter, blood vessels, and nerves penetrate the kidney on its medial surface.
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True
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The fibrous capsule is a layer of adipose tissue that surrounds the kidney.
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False
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Which region of the kidney is the most superficial?
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Renal cortex
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Where does filtration of the blood occur within the kidneys?
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Renal cortex
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Where are the renal columns located?
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Renal medulla
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Identify the correct direction of urine flow from formation to exiting the kidney.
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Cortex, medulla, renal pelvis, ureter
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Which structure is found separating the renal pyramids?
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Renal columns
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Which of the following regions of the kidney is in contact with the fibrous capsule?
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Renal cortex
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A major calyx is a component of which of the following anatomical structures?
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Renal pelvis
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Where does the kidney filter the blood?
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Renal corpuscle
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What is the function of the renal pelvis?
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Collects newly formed urine
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The medullary pyramids contain collecting tubules (ducts) that travel towards the renal cortex, carrying urine to exit the kidney.
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False
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Which of the following best describes the function of the urethra?
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transport of urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
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What defines the trigone of the urinary bladder?
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the ureter entrances and the opening to the urethra
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This knot of coiled capillaries, found in the kidneys, forms the filtrate. It is the __________.
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glomerulus
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The __________ arteriole drains the glomerular capillary bed.
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efferent
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Which structures form the filtration membrane in the nephron?
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glomerulus and the glomerular capsule
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Which of the following resulted in an increase in glomerular filtration rate?
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decreasing the efferent arteriole diameter and increasing the afferent arteriole diameter
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Which of the following resulted in a decrease in glomerular capillary pressure?
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increasing the efferent arteriole diameter and decreasing the afferent arteriole diameter
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What is the normal range for glomerular filtration rate?
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80 - 140 ml/min
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What are the two main parts of the nephron?
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the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule
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Which of the following describes the order in which blood flows through the nephron?
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afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the kidneys?
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exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the tissues
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Which of the following should NOT be found in the filtrate in the Bowman's capsule?
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white blood cells
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As the pressure in the beaker was increased, which of the following occurred?
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Glomerular filtration rate increased, and urine volume increased.
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The pressure in the left source beaker simulates _______.
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blood pressure
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With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed, _______.
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urine volume was zero
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With the valve between the collecting duct and the urinary bladder closed and with the pressure increased, _______.
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the glomerular filtration rate increased and the glomerular pressure increased
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What is(are) the driving force(s) for filtration in the nephron?
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hydrostatic pressure gradients, osmotic pressure gradients and Starling forces
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The functions of the nephron include all of the following EXCEPT _______.
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glomerular secretion
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In this activity, we will explore the effect of _______.
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blood pressure on glomerular filtration rate
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What is the name for the "ball" of capillaries found in the renal corpuscle?
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glomerulus
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When the beaker pressure was lowered, which of the following decreased?
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glomerular pressure, glomerular filtration rate and urine volume
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When blood pressure increases, what changes can occur to maintain glomerular filtration rate?
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constriction of the afferent arteriole and dilation of the efferent arteriole
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When the efferent arteriole constricts, _______.
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the back pressure in the Bowman's capsule increases
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Altering the radii of the afferent and efferent arterioles provides for _______.
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glomerular filtration rate homeostasis and glomerular hydrostatic pressure homeostasis
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Because the alteration of the afferent or efferent arteriole occurs within the nephron, we refer to this mechanism as _______.
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intrinsic
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Which of the following would decrease glomerular filtration rate?
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increasing the efferent arteriole radius and/or decreasing the afferent arteriole radius
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In this activity, the drain beaker (second beaker in the flow) simulates the _______.
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renal vein
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What happened to the urine volume when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
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The urine volume decreased
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What happened to the urine concentration when the solute gradient in the interstitial space was increased?
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The urine concentration increased.
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What will happen to the urine volume if ADH is NOT added to the collecting duct?
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The urine volume will increase.
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Interstitial fluid is located in the _______.
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spaces surrounding the kidney tubule
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Secretion of ADH would _______.
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decrease urine output
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The reabsorption of water and solutes _______.
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is passive, depends on concentration gradients and is into the peritubular capillaries
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When ADH is present in the filtrate, _______.
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urine concentration increases
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As the number of glucose carriers increased, the concentration of glucose in the _______.
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distal tubule decreased and bladder decreased
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At which concentration of glucose carriers was the glucose concentration reduced to zero?
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400
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When the glucose transport maximum is reached, _______.
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glucose is excreted in the urine and not all of the glucose is reabsorbed
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Glucose is reabsorbed _______.
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into the peritubular capillaries
by facilitated diffusion
through transmembrane proteins
by secondary active transport
All of the above are correct.
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Glucose reabsorption occurs in the _______.
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proximal convoluted tubule
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Glucose is transported _______.
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through the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion
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The addition of aldosterone _______.
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decreased the urine volume
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With ADH added but in the absence of aldosterone, _______.
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the potassium concentration increased and urine volume decreased
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The urine was the most concentrated _______.
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with both ADH and aldosterone
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Which hormone had the greater effect on urine volume?
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ADH
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ADH is produced in the _______.
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hypothalamus
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The secretion of aldosterone is directly stimulated by _______.
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angiotensin II
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The secretion of ADH is directly stimulated by _______.
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a change in body fluid osmolarity
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Which of the following is(are) hormones?
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ADH and aldosterone
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Normal urine is usually pale yellow to amber in color, due to the presence of __________.
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urochrome
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__________, like other blood proteins, is/are too large to pass through the glomerular filtration membrane and is/are normally NOT found in urine.
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Albumin
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__________, the appearance of red blood cells in the urine, almost always indicates pathology of the urinary system.
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Hematuria
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The appearance of bile pigments in the urine, a condition known as __________, can be an indication of liver disease.
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bilirubinuria
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The average pH value of urine is __________.
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6.0
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Glucose can usually be found in all normal urine.
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False
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__________, the presence of white blood cells or pus in the urine, is consistent with inflammation of the urinary tract.
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Pyuria
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__________ are hardened cell fragments formed in the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts and flushed out of the urinary tract.
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Casts
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When testing the pH of the urine, you will use the same piece of wide-range pH paper for each test.
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False
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The paired oval testes lie in the __________ outside the abdominopelvic cavity, where they are kept slightly cooler than body temperature.
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scrotum
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The essential organs of reproduction are the __________, which produce the sex cells.
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gonads
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After sperm are produced, they enter the first part of the duct system, the __________.
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epididymis
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The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce __________, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.
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seminal fluid
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The __________ produce testosterone, the hormonal product of the testis.
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interstitial endocrine cells
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The endocrine products of the ovaries are estrogen and __________.
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progesterone
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The __________ is/are homologous to the penis.
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clitoris
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The __________, the thick mucosal lining of the uterus, has a superficial layer that sloughs off periodically.
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endometrium
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The __________ is a pear-shaped organ that houses the embryo or fetus during its development.
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uterus
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A developing egg is ejected from the ovary at the appropriate stage of maturity in an event known as __________.
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ovulation
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What part of the female system is the usual site of fertilization of the ovulated oocyte?
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uterine (fallopian) tube
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Which of these structures directly encloses the vestibule? Women
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labia minora
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The prostate, seminal glands, and bulbo-urethral glands produce __________, the liquid medium in which sperm leaves the body.
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seminal fluid
