Kines 2504 Final (Ch. 12) – Flashcards
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Cancer
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A group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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Cancer is the _____ most common cause of U.S. deaths.
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2nd
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How many men will develop cancer?
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Nearly 1/2 of all men
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How many women will develop cancer?
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1/3 of all women
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Tumor
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A clumping of cells that has no physiological function and grows more rapidly than surrounding tissue
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Benign
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Refers to a slow growing, noninvasive, noncancerous tumor
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Malignant
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-Very dangerous or harmful -Refers to a cancerous tumor
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Metastasis
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Process by which cancer spreads from one area to different areas of the body
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Tumors need their own ______ to grow?
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Blood supply
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Angiogenesis
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Occurs when malignant cells produce growth factors that induce capillaries (blood vessels) to supply the tumor with oxygen and nutrients, helping it to grow
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How is cancer spread?
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Metastasis and Angiogenesis
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Living cells contain biochemical instructions called _____.
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DNA
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DNA controls the cell's _____, _______, and ___________.
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-Growth -Division -Daily Functions
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When a segment of a DNA molecule inside a cell becomes damaged, it may cause a _______.
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Mutation
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Mutation
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A change in the genetic instructions that can override the cell's normal cycle of growing and dividing
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This tumor is usually enclosed in a capsule of collagen that prevents it from spreading to to other areas of the body
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Benign
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Clusters of malignant cells are also known as ______.
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Metastases
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_______ are localized cancerous tumors that mutate into Malignant tumors.
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In Situ Carcinomas
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What is the development of Cancer and Metastasis?
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-Skin Cell with Genetic Mutation -Cell divides more rapidly than normal -Cells Change form - *In Situ Carcinomas* cancer cells stay in one place - *Malignant Tumor* cancer cells invade normal tissue and enter blood and lymph; metastases travel distant sites
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Classes of Cancerous Tumors
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-Carcinomas -Sarcomas -Lymphomas -Leukemias
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Biopsy
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Surgical retrieval of cells and microscopic examination of tissue to determine if a tumor is benign or malignant
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Angiogenesis
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Process in which malignant cells induce new blood capillaries to grow towards the tumor
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Carcinomas
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Solid tumors that occur in epithelial tissues (the tissues covering body surfaces and lining most body cavities)
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Sarcomas
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Solid tumors that occur in middle layers of tissue (in bones, muscles, and connective tissue)
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Lymphomas
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Tumors that develop in lymph nodes, lymph vessels, or related infection fighting regions of the body
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Leukemias
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Non-solid cancers characterized by an increase in the number of white blood cells, particularly in the bone marrow and spleen
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Oncologists
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A doctor who specializes in detection and treatment of cancer (Cancer specialists)
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The four stages of Cancer is based on what?
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-Tumor Size -Number of lymph nodes affected -Degree of spread (metastasis)
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Carcinogens
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-Cancer-causing agents -Ultraviolet radiation in sunlight and the tar in cigarette smoke
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Carcinogens can be ______ or _______ ________.
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-External -Environment Factors
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Oncogenes
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-Suspected cancer-causing genes -Play a role in uncontrolled cell growth
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Oncogenes can be ______ as a function of genetics.
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Internal
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What is the most common type of Cancer?
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Skin Cancer
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Skin Cancer can be _____.
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Cured
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This type of Skin Cancer is rarer but more deadly.
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Malignant Melanoma
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Types of Skin Cancers
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-Basal Cell Carcinoma -Squamous Cell Carcinoma -Malignant Melanoma
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Malignant Melanoma
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An invasive cancer of the pigment producing cells of the skin
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To detect the warning signs of melanoma you use what guideline?
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The "ABCD" guideline
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What does the "ABCD" guideline stand for?
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-Asymmetry -Border irregularity -Color -Diameter
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What is the leading Cancer killer?
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Lung Cancer
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____% of people with lung cancer survive more than 5 years after diagnosis.
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16%
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What is key when having Lung Cancer?
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Early detection
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Fewer Americans smoke today than in the past ____ decades.
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3
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Lung Cancer rates have ______ in men and ______ in women.
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-Declined -Leveled off
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Breast Cancer strikes mainly who?
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Women
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Breast Cancer is the ___ leading cause of death for women.
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2nd
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Can Breast Cancer sometimes occur in men?
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Yes
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______ _____ may play a big role in developing Breast Cancer.
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Genetic Factors
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What is recommended to help you be aware of Breast Cancer?
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-Self exams -Yearly check-ups
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What are the Female Reproductive Tract Cancers?
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-Ovarian Cancer -Uterine Cancer -Cervical Cancer
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Which Reproductive Tract Cancer is the deadliest?
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Ovarian Cancer
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Ovarian Cancer has few _____ early signs.
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Overt
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What are they symptoms of Ovarian Cancer?
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-Feeling bloated -A constant feeling of fullness -Changes in bowel or bladder activity -Pain in the pelvis, abdomen, or back
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This Reproductive Tract Cancer often progresses to an advance stage before it is discovered.
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Ovarian Cancer
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What are the Female Reproductive Tract Cancer's risks?
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-Prior cancer history -Early sexual activity -Multiple sex partners -Herpes -HPV
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What are the Male Reproductive Tract Cancers?
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-Prostate Cancer -Testicular Cancer
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What two Cancers are the 3rd most common in both men and women?
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Colon Cancer and Rectal Cancer
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Which Cancer has no symptoms in its early stages?
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Colorectal Cancer
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Pap smear
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A procedure in which cells taken from the cervical region are examined for abnormal cellular activity
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Which Cancer is the most common Cancer in men?
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Prostate Cancer
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Prostate Cancer is the __ most frequent cause of male cancer deaths.
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2nd
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What are the symptoms of Prostate Cancer?
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-Weak or interrupted urine flow -Difficulty starting or stopping urination -Feeling the urge to urinate frequently -Pain upon urination -Blood in the urine -Pain in the low back, pelvis, or thighs
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Prostate cancer risk increases with ____.
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Age
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___% of prostate cases occur in men over the age of 65.
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60
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___% of prostate cases occur in men over the age of 50.
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97%
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Which Cancer tends to be diagnosed in younger men?
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Testicular Cancer
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Testicular Cancer is mostly found in men between the ages of ___ and ___.
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20 and 34
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What symptoms signal later stages of Colorectal Cancer?
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-Bleeding from the rectum -Blood in the stool -Changes in bowel habits
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What are the Risk Factors of Colon and Rectal Cancers?
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-Being over 50 -Race -Obesity -A personal or family history (extends to second/third degree relatives) of polyps in the colon or rectum or bowel problems (such as colitis)
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How can the risk of developing Colorectal Cancer be significantly lowered?
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-Eating less red meat -Eating more fruits and vegetables -Exercising regularly -Getting regular colorectal screening- simple blood test (fecal occult blood test) and colonoscopy after age 50
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What are the Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer?
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-Being male -Age older than 45 -Smoking -Eating a high-fat diet -Having diabetes -Having a family history of cancer
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What are the two additional Cancers that are among the most-often diagnosed?
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Pancreatic Cancer and Leukemia
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Leukemia
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A cancer of the blood-forming tissues, particularly the soft, spongy marrow of the bones
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What are the types of Leukemia?
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-Acute Type -Chronic Type
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Which Cancer strikes both sexes and all age groups?
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Leukemia
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Which Cancer is the most common form of childhood Cancer?
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Leukemia
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___% of all Leukemia cases occur in adults ages ___ and over.
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90% 20
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What are Leukemia's symptoms?
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-Frequent infections -Flu-like symptoms -Headaches -Vomiting -Anemia -Pain or swelling in the joints
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How can you reduce your risk of Cancer?
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-Lifestyle choices can reduce your cancer risk -Biological factors play a role in cancer risk
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Being overweight or obese increases susceptibility to....
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-Breast, colon, thyroid, ovarian, cervical, prostate, endometrial, pancreatic, gallbladder, and kidney cancers -Multiple myeloma -Hodgkin's disease -Adenocarcinomas of the esophagus
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Sedentary lifestyle increases susceptibility to...
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-Colon Cancer -Breast Cancer
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Smoking, Tobacco use increases susceptibility to...
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-Lung, esophageal, pancreatic, uterine, cervical, kidney, bladder, stomach, and nasopharyngeal cancers -Cancers of the nasal cavity, lip, and oral cavity
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Alcohol increases susceptibility to...
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-Liver, esophageal, and breast cancers -Cancers of the mouth pharynx, and larynx
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What is the acronym for Cancer Prevention?
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CAUTION
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C
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Change in bowel or bladder habits
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A
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A sore that does not heal
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U
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Unusual bleeding or discharge
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T
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Thickening or lump in the breast or elsewhere
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I
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Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
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O
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Obvious change in a wart or mole
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N
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Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Lifetime Risk
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The probability that a person will develop cancer at some point during his or her lifetime
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Relative Risk
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A measure of how likely a person is to develop cancer while engaging in known risk behaviors compared to people who abstain from these behaviors
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Radiation
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Powerful, targeted beams of ionizing energy that can kill cancerous cells
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Chemotherapy
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The use of drugs to kill cancerous cells
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Immunotherapies
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Potential treatments that enhance the body's immune system to help control cancer
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What does a person do if they are facing Cancer?
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-Radiation -Chemotherapy -Immunotherapies -Gene Therapies
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What lifestyle choices can reduce your Cancer risk?
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-Quitting smoking, Drink less, and Avoid drugs -Watch your weight, Move more, and Eat right -Manage stress
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What Biological Factors play a role in Cancer risk?
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-Genetics -Reproductive Hormones -Infectious Agents
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This treatment destroys some healthy cells and increases the risk of other types of cancers.
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Radiation
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__________ is one of the most common and effective forms of treatment.
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Radiation
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Chemotherapy
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The patient receives intravenous doses of drugs capable of targeting and killing fast-growing cells throughout the body, including metastasized cancer cells
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Kills the fast-dividing cells in normal hair follicles (tends to cause hair loss)
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Chemotherapy
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Patients undergoing this treatment undergoes nausea and nutritional deficiencies because this causes damage to rapidly dividing digestive tract cells.
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Chemotherapy
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Radiation and Chemotherapy causes long-term damage to the _____, _____, and other ______.
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-Heart -Brain -Organs
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Gene Therapies
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Potential treatment that manipulate genes to increase the patient's immune response to a cancerous tumor or that allow the patients' bone marrow to withstand stronger doses of chemotherapeutic drugs
