question

amount of energy required to break up a given nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons holds the nucleons together the energy produced when mass is converted to energy by E=mc^2

answer

binding energy (BE)

question

every nucleus except that for H with z=1 and a=1 has a smaller mass than the combined mass of its constituent protons and neutrons binding energy is converted to mass by E=mc^2

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mass defect

question

Z is a presubscript for the atomic number A is a presuperscript for the mass number

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isotopic notation

question

any radioactive isotope, esp those used in nuclear medicine

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radionucleotide

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when a nucleus of an atom is unstable, it will spontaneously emit particles or electromagnetic radiation

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radioactivity

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bombardment of the nucleus by electrons, neutrons, or other nuclei

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change in composition of nuclei due to transmutation

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1. elements or isotopes are changed from one to another 2. reactions result in the release or absorption of large amounts of energy 3. reaction rates are generally not affected by catalysts, temperature, or pressure 4. protons, neutrons, or electrons can be involved 5. binding or splitting nuclei of atoms 7. includes fusion, fission, and radioactive decay

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nuclear reactions (compared to chemical reactions)

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1. atoms can be rearranged by the formation or breaking of chemical bonds 2. reactions generally result in the release or absorption of small amounts of energy 3. reaction rates are generally affected by catalysts, temperature, or pressure 4. only electrons in the affected orbital of the atom are involved in the formation and breaking of bonds

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chemical reactions (compared to nuclear reactions)

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represents the equivalence of matter and energy mass defect is a result of matter converted into binding energy

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E=mc^2

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iron b/c the binding energy per nucleon is largest

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most stable atom and why

question

intermediate-sized nuclei are more stable than large and small nuclei

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size of nuclei and stability

question

small nuclei combine into a larger nucleus only take place at extremely high temperatures, but researchers are trying to use it as an alternative energy source

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fusion (thermonuclear reactions)

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stars, like the sun, power themselves by fusing 4 H nuclei to make 1 He nucleus, allowing the sun to produce 4x10^26 J per second

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example of fusion

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process in which a large, heavy massed atom (> 200) splits to form a smaller, more stable nuclei (esp. noble gases) and one or more neutrons releases a large amount of energy almost never spontaneous

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fission

question

1. absorption of a low-energy neutron can induce fission in certain nuclei 2. chain reactions

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spontaneous fissions

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release more neutrons since those other neutrons cause other atoms to undergo fission, releasing more neutrons for yet another round

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chain reaction spontaneous fission

question

bombarding of large, unstable, nuclei with neutrons to produce a chain reaction spontaneous fission

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powering of commercial nuclear electric-generating plants

question

the total number of neutrons plus protons remains the same, even if neutrons are converted to protons and vice versa, as they are in some decays

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nucleon (baryon) number conservation

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radioactive nuclei may be induced to fission by more than one way ex: 235U can absorb 1 slow neutron to make 139Ba, 94Kr, and 3 neutrons or it can make 236U first and then 140Xe, 94Sr, and 2 neutrons

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decay channel (decay mode)

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naturally occurring spontaneous decay of certain nuclei accompanied by the emission of specific particles can be classified as a certain type of fission

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radioactive decay

question

1. the integer arithmetic of particle and isotope species 2. radioactive half-life problems 3. use of experimental decay curves and decay constants

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three types of radioactive decay problems

question

parent isotope X decays into daughter isotope Y azX --> a'z'Y + emitted decay particle

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isotope decay

question

emission of an a-particle zdaughter= zparent - 2 adaughter=aparent - 4 azX --> a-4,z-2Y + 4,2a

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alpha decay

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He w/ a=4 and z=2 interact with matter very easily don't penetrate shielding (lead sheets) very far

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a-particle

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the alpha particle is... 1. very large 2. doubly charged (protons) 3. less penetrating since heavier and reacts more easily with matter

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a-particle in comparison to a beta particle

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1. fission 2. alpha decay

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radioactive decay processes during which the mass number A changes that will be on the PCAT

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emission of a B-particle from the nucleus

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beta decay

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either a B- : electron or B+ : positron singly charged and 1,836 times lighter than protons

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B-particle

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similar to an electron in mass, but has a positive charge not usually in the nucleus, but are emitted as a result of nuclear decay

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positron (e+ or B+)

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elementary particles that compose protons and neutrons that can recombine to form different particles

answer

quarks

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a neutron decays into a proton and a B- particle and an antineutrino azX --> a, z+1Y +B-

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B- decay

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a proton decays into a neutron and a B+ particle and a neutrino azX --> a, z-1Y +B+

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B+ decay

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orbitals and electrons outside the nucleus

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what is ignored in radioactive decay

question

B- decay

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only radioactive decay on the test where the atomic number increases

question

emission of y-particles usually follows another type of nuclear decay how the nucleus sheds excess energy azX* --> azX + y

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gamma decay

question

high-energy photons carry no charge lower the energy of the emitting parent nucleus without changing the mass number or atomic number

answer

y-particles

question

certain unstable radionuclides are capable of capturing an inner electron that combines with a proton to form a neutron rare process inverse B-decay azX +e- --> a, z-1Y

answer

electron capture

question

time it takes for half the sample to decay by any of the above processes after n half lives... (1/2)^n of the sample will remain 1- (1/2)^n will have decayed

answer

radioactive decay half-life (T1/2)

question

deltaN/deltat = -(upside down gamma)(N) N= number of radioactive nuclei that have not yet decayed in a sample deltaN/deltat= nuclei decay rate N and the rate are proportional to each other upside down gamma= decay constant how the number of radioactive nuclei changes with time: N=N0e^-(upside down gamma)(N) No= nubmer of undecayed nuclei at time t=0

answer

exponential decay equations

question

upside down gamma= ln2/(T1/2) =0.693/(T1/2)

answer

equation for the decay constant in relation to half life

Kaplan 15-16- Nuclear Chemistry – Flashcards

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