jwcc micro 8 tes – Flashcards
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| What is the job of enzymes? |
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| They increase the activation energy required for a chemical reaction to occur |
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| What is the substrate for ribozymes? |
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| RNA |
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| Metallic cofactors perform what function in enzymatic reactions? |
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| They activate enzymes |
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| What enzymes are always present in a cell at relatively constant amounts? |
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| Constitutive enzymes |
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| Which molecule reacts with acetyl CoA, therefore starting the TCA cycle? |
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| Oxaloacetic acid |
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| What often controls enzyme repression? |
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| End-products |
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| For the most part, what type of energy operates cell transactions? |
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| Chemical |
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| What is the most common electron carrier in biological systems? |
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| NAD |
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| What statement describes why ATP is an unstable high-energy molecule? |
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| The bond that joins the phosphate groups releases energy when it is broken |
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| What is the process by which ATP is formed through a series of oxidation-reduction reactions that occur during the final phase of respiration? |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| During the process of group translocation, glucose is brought into the cell and is chemically modified into what compound, which prevents it from leaving the cell? |
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| Glucose-6-phosphate |
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| The NADH molecules generated during the single oxidation-reduction reaction in glycolysis will undergo further reactions in what pathway? |
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| Electron transport chain |
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| In glycolysis a net gain of two ATPs are generated by what process |
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| Substrate level phosphorylation |
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| Where does the Krebs cycle take place in bacteria |
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| Cytoplasm |
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| In aerobic respiration when is the first molecule of carbon dioxide released? |
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| During the conversion step when pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-CoA |
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| For each molecule of glucose that undergoes aerobic respiration, how many carbon dioxide molecules are released? |
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| Six |
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| What is not a compound in the electron transport system? |
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| NADPH dehydrogenase |
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| The coupling of ATP synthesis to electron transport is known as what? |
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| Oxidative phosphorylation |
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| What drives the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase in oxidative phosphorylation? |
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| Distribution of electric potential across a membrane |
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| What pathway is a significant intermediate source of pentoses for nucleic acid synthesis? |
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| Hexose monophosphate shunt |
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| Which statement regarding fermentation is incorrect? |
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| Glucose is completely oxidized |
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| The souring of milk is due to the production of what compound during fermentation? |
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| Lactic acid |
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| Which is not a metabolic intermediate used in amphibolic pathways? |
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| Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate |
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| Energy yeilding series of reactions |
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| catabolism |
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| means "whole enzyme" |
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| holoenzyme |
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| a nonprotein component of an active enzyme |
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| coenzyme |
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| a measure of the rate of activity of an enzyme |
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| turn over number |
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| a protein portion of any enzyme, inactive without a cofactor. |
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| apoenzyme |
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| a group of enzymes that funtion as electron carries in respiration and photysynthesis |
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| cytochromes |
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| a mechanism by which fatty acids are degraded |
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| beta oxidation |
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| changes the shape of the active site of an enzyme |
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| noncompetitive inhibitor |
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| very similar in shape or chemistry to the normal enzyme substrate |
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| competitive inhibitor |
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| pyruvic acid accepts electrons and is turned into various end-products, such as lactic acid or ethanol |
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| fermentation |
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| glucose to pyruvic acid |
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| glycolysis |
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| direct transfer of high energy phosphate from an organic substrate to adp molecue forming atp |
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| substrate-level phosphorylation |
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| bacteria use oxygen substitutes such as nitrates |
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| anaerobic respiration |
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| the final electron acceptor is oxygen |
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| aerobic respiration |
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| electrons are removed from an organic compound and are transferred by an electron transport chain to oxygen |
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| oxidative phosphorylation |
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| an electron is liberated from chlorophyll and passes down an electron transport chain |
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| photophosphorylation |
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| A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from nicotinic acid (niacin) |
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| NAD |
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| A dehydrogenase coenzyme derived from riboflavin |
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| FAD |
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| In chemiosmosis protons can diffuse across a membrand only through special channels that contain this enyxme |
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| Acetyl Cenzyme A |
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| Reaction by which pyruvic acid loses carbon dioxide to form an acetyl group |
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| decarboxylation |
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| product of pyruvic acid processing enters tca cycle as a coenzyme |
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| ATP synthase |
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| When an enzyme's active site is occupied at all times by substrate or product molecules, it is called |
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| inhibition |
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| Cyanide is an example of a general type of inhibitor called |
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| allosteric site |
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| sulfa drugs are an example of a type of inhibitor called |
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| competitive inhibition |
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| in____ phosphorylation, no oxygen or other inorganic final electron acceptor is required. |
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| oxidative |
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| the amount of ATP yeild from aerobic respiration by a procaryote is ___ and by and Eucaryote is____ |
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| 36, 38 |
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| The net yeild of ATP from glycolysis is __ |
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| 2 atp |
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| The substance acted upon by an enzyme is called the ___ |
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| substrate |
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| A sequence of enzymatically catalyzed chemical reactions in a cell is called a ____ pathway |
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| metabolic |
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| ____ is the pathway that breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid |
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| Glycolysis |
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| In aerobic respiration, pyruvic acid is converted to ______ this product can then enter the Krebs cycle. |
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| Acetyl Co A |
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| DNA and RNA are mad up of repeating units called ____ |
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| nucleotides |
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| Lactic acid is produced as an end product |
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| fermentation |
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| Two atp molecules are needed to begin the reaction |
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| glycolysis |
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| 34 atp molecules are produced in this reaction |
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| electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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| Oxygen must be present to produce ate (2answers) |
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| Krebs cycle(tca cycle) and Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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| NADH give up electrons to membrane proteins |
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| anaerobic respiration |
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| There is a net gain of two ATP molecules in this reaction |
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| Glycolysis |
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| NADH an FADH are produced in this reaction |
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| Krebs cycle (tca cycle) |
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| General category of reactions that are biosynthetic and endergonic in nature |
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| anabolism |
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| Glucose is catalyzed to pyruvic acid |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Molecules of flavin mononucleotice, coenzyme Q and cytochome b are essential for this reaction |
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| Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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| Final electron acceptors are inorganic salts NO3, no2, co3 not oxygen |
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| anaerobic respiration |
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| reactions in mitochondria of eucaryotes and in the cell membrane of bacteria |
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| electron transprot chain and chemiosmosis |
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| Requires Atp synthase to pump h+ ions into cytoplasm |
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| electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
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| Hexokinase enzyme phosporylates glucose to begin this series of reactions |
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| Glycolysis |
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| Gereral category of reactions that are degradative and exergoinc in nature |
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| catabolism |
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| oxygens serves as the final electron acceptor |
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| electron transport chain and chemiosmosis |
