Italian Midterm- Grammar and Verbs – Flashcards
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Pronomi Diretti
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lo, la, li, le, ne
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Ne (definition)
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can be used as "about it", "some", "them", "any" or "from there"
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Pronomi Indiretti (me)
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mi
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Pronomi Indiretti (you)
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ti
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Pronomi Indiretti (you (formal)
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Le
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Pronomi Indiretti (him)
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gli
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Pronomi Indiretti (her)
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le
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Pronomi Indiretti (us)
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ci
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Pronomi Indiretti (you all)
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vi
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Pronomi Indiretti (you all (formal)
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Gli/Loro
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Pronomi Indiretti (them)
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gli/loro
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Pronomi Doppi (mi)
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me
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Pronomi Doppi (ti)
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te
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Pronomi Doppi (Le)
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glie-
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Pronomi Doppi (gli)
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glie-
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Pronomi Doppi (le)
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glie-
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Pronomi Doppi (ci)
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ce
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Pronomi Doppi (vi)
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ve
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Pronomi Doppi (Gli/Loro)
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glie-
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Pronomi Doppi (gli/loro)
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glie-
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Pronomi Doppi: Dovere
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When dovere, potere or volere comes before the infinitive the pronouns can attach to the infinitive OR precede the conjugated verb. Ex: "Ti devo presentare un' amica" can either be "Devo presentartela" OR "Te la devo presentare."
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Pronomi Doppi: Potere
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When dovere, potere or volere comes before the infinitive the pronouns can attach to the infinitive OR precede the conjugated verb. Ex: "Ti posso presentare un'amica" can either be "Posso presentartela" OR "Te la posso presentare"
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Pronomi Doppi: Volere
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When dovere, potere or volere comes before the infinitive the pronouns can attach to the infinitive OR precede the conjugated verb. Ex: "Ti voglio presentare un'amica" can either be "Voglio presentartela" OR "Te la voglio presentare"
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Pronomi Doppi: Attaching to the end of an Infinitive to form one word
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Examples: Regalare (with the subject being singular and feminine) turns into regalarmela, regalartela, regalargliela, regalarcela and regalarvela.
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Pronomi Doppi in Passato Prossimo
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The past principle agrees in gender and in number with the direct object pronoun that comes before it, even when it's combined with an indirect-object pronoun. Like if the subject was matite (pencils), one might say "Ne hai prese due." Even though usually the conjugated past tense form for ti would be "presi", here it is "prese" so that it agrees with the subject (matite).
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Pronomi Doppi with Reflexive Pronouns
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Reflexive pronouns can also combine with direct-object pronouns, but when using reflexive, third person singular and plural forms are used by preceding the direct-object pronoun with "se". For example, "Dove Mauro si mette la cravatta?" turns to "Dove e la mette?", which can turn to "Dove mettersela?". With reflexive pronouns, the past participle agrees in gender and number with the direct object pronouns. For example: If the subject is "la giaccha", then the sentence would read, "Te la sei messa?" even though messa would commonly be "messi" in the "tu" form.
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Aggettivi Indefiniti: Definition
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Indefinite adjectives like every, any and some always come before the noun and don't refer to a particular person or thing. They take the place of adjectives.
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Aggettivi Indefiniti: Each, every, all
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~Ogni- (each, every) typically used only with a singular noun, invariable (cannot be conjugated to agree with gender or number, it's just always "Ogni". ~Tutto- (all, every, the whole) agrees with the modified noun (tutto, tutta, tutti, tutte, etc.) and always is followed by the definite article. Both singular and plural forms are used.
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Aggettivi Indefiniti: Some, a few, any
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~Qualche- (some, a few) used only with singular noun and is invariable ~Alcuni/Alcune- (some, a few) only used with plural nouns and agrees in gender with the noun modified ~Un po' di- (some, a little) used with nouns commonly expressed in the singular, ex: un po' di sale would be "a little salt" ~Il Partivo (di + definite article)-dei, delle, della, etc.
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Pronomi Indefiniti
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Indefinite pronouns- they don't refer to a particular place or thing and they all take the place of nouns. Tutti-all, everybody Tutte-all Ognuno-each, everyone Ognuna-each one Qualcuno/Qualcuna- some Alcuni/Alcune- some, a few Un po'- some, a little Tutto- all, everything Qualcosa-something Tutti means everyone while qualcuno means someone Tutto means everything while qualcosa means something Qualcosa is always treated as masculine for purposes of agreement
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Gli Negativi
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Italian sentences are usually made negative by inserting "non" before the verb. ONLY object pronouns are placed between non and the verb. When negative expression follows the conjugated verb, non must precede the verb. Rules: 1. When niente or nessuno precede the verb, "non" is omitted" 2: It's the same thing when "ne...ne" precedes the verb. While referring to two things with "ne and ne", the plural verb is used 3. Just like qualcosa, niente (nulla) takes "di" in front of an adjective and "da" before an infinitive.
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Gli Negativi: Examples
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"No, non ho comprato niente/nulla (nothing)" "No, non ho visto nessuno (no one, nobody)" "No, non canti mai (never)"
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Gli Negativi: Opposites
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Gia (already, yet) and "non ho ancora" (not yet) Ancora (still) and non piu (no longer) e/o (and/or) and ne/ne (neither/nor
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Imperativo Informale
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The imperative is used to give orders, advice and commands. The informal imperative includes tu, noi and voi. They're similar to the present tense forms EXCEPT the tu form of the regular -are verbs end in a's. Noi usually corresponds to the word "let's", like "let's go to the movies!"
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Imperativo Informale: are (lavorare)
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Tu-lavora Noi-lavoriamo Voi-lavorate
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Imperativo informale: ere (scrivere)
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Tu-scrivi Noi-scriviamo Voi-scrivete
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Imperativo informale: ire (dormire)
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Tu-dormi Noi-dormiamo Voi-dormite
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Imperativo informale: finire
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Tu-finisci Noi-finiamo Voi-finite
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Imperativo informale: Negatives
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The negative forms for noi and voi are normal, but for Tu it's non + infinitive (ex: Non lavorare, Maria)
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Imperativo informale: Short irregular tu forms
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va (andare), fa (fare), sta (stare), da (dare) and di (dire)
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Imperativo informale: Avere and essere
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~Avere~ tu-abbi noi-abbiamo voi-abbiate ~Essere~ tu-sii noi-siamo voi-siate
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Imperativo informale: Object and reflexive pronouns
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When used with the affirmative imperative, object and reflexive pronouns are attached to the end of the verb to form one word. Examples: Alzati, invitatela and compramelo. When a pronoun is attached to the short forms of the tu imperative of andare, dare, dire, fare and stare, the apostrophe disappears and the first consonant of the pronoun is doubled EXCEPT in the case of gli. Ex: Fammi, dille, vacci. Pronouns usually follow but may come before a verb in the negative imperative. Example: Non dargliele! (non gliele dare!=don't give it to them!)
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Il Condizionale
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Translates to English "would + verb", and it's formed by dropping the final -e of the infinitive and adding a set of endings that are identical for -are, -ere and -ire verbs. It also is used to express polite requests, like "I would like" instead of "I want" when ordering at a restaurant
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Il Condizionale-Are (lavorare)
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lavorerei, lavoreresti, lavorerebbe, lavoreremmo, lavorereste, lavorerebbero
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Il Condizionale-Ere (scrivere)
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scriverei, scriveresti, scriverebbe, scriveremmo, scrivereste, scriverebbero
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Il Condizionale:-Ire (finire)
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finirei, finiresti, finirebbe, finiremmo, finireste, finirebbero
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Il Condizionale: Irregolare
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for irregular verbs ending in -care and -gare, and in -ciare, -giare and -sciare, the same spelling changes that occur in the future also occur in the conditional. (ex: dimenticherei, pagheremmo, parcheggeresti, comincerebbero)
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Il Condizionale: Dovere, Potere and Volere
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-Dovere means "I should/I ought to/I would have to in contrast to the present tense "I must" (ex: dovrebbe, dovremmo) -Potere is equivalent to English "I could/ I would be able/ I would be allowed" (ex: potresti, potrei) -Volere- vorrei means "I would want/I would like" and is more polite than present tense voglio. ex: vorresti, vorrei.
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Il Condizionale: Piacere
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as well as volere, piacere can also be conjugated in the condizionale to mean "i would like to". However, piacerebbe is used for ti, mi AND lui/lei
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Il Condizionale: Passato (with Avere and Essere)
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Il condizionale passato means "I would have, I would have been" and is formed by using avere/essere + past participle (past tense verb). Avere- avrei, avresti, avrebbe avremmo, avreste, avrebbero Essere- sarei, saresti, sarebbe, saremmo, sareste, sarebbero Dovere, Potere and Volere: Ex: Avrebbe dovuto (should have/ought to have) Avremmo potuto (could (might) have) Avrebbe voluto (would have liked to) Avrebbe riparato Avrebbe controllato
