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matter

answer

that which has mass and occupies space

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atom

answer

the smallest part of an element having the chemical properties of the element

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element

answer

a substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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mole concept

answer

a method that allows the relative number of reactant particles involved in a chemical reaction to be known one mole of any substance will contain approximately 6.02x10 to the 23 power particles (avogadro's number)

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chemical symbols

answer

capitalized first letter of the english or latin name of the element or a single letter or a 2 letter representation for the element

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molecule

answer

a unit in which the atoms of two or more elements are held together by chemical bonds

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compound

answer

a substance that is characterized by constant composition and that can be chemically broken down into elements

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charge

answer

electricity due to the build-up of one of two kinds of electrical charges, either positive or negative

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chemical formula

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a combination of symbols of various elements that make up a compound

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chemical reaction

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a process in which one substance is changed into another

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properties

answer

characteristics of matter which are classified as chemical or physical

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chemical properties

answer

a property that causes a substance to change into a new substance

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physical properties

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properties such as color, height, or weight that do not involve a change in the chemical identity of the matter

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solids

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have a definite shape and a definite volume, which is independent of changes in temperature and pressure

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liquids

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have no definite shape but have definite volume, which is independent of changes in temperature and pressure. designated by (l) or (aq)

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gases

answer

have neither a definite shape nor volume and are made of widely separated particles properties are dependent on changes in temperature and pressure designated by (g)

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melting point

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the temperature at which a solid begins to change into a liquid

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boiling point

answer

the temperature at which the pressure of the vapor escaping from the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure (760mm Hg or mercury)

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density

answer

the amount of mass per unit volume of a substance it is the ratio of mass (M) to volume (V)

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specific gravity

answer

the ratio of the density of that substance to the density of a substance used as a reference standard at the same temperature

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solubility

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the amount of a substance that will dissolve in a specific volume of solvent at a given temperature

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concentration

answer

the amount of a specified substance in a unit amount of another substance

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physical quantity

answer

a property of matter to which we can assign both a numeric value and a unit of measurement

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mass

answer

the quantity of matter that an object contains expressed in grams (g)

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volume

answer

the size, measure, or amount of an object in three dimentions expressed in liters (L)

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length

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the distance between two points expressed in meters (m)

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energy

answer

the ability to do work mechanical, chemical, electrical, heat, nuclear, light

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temperature

answer

a physical property of a system related to thermodynamics celsius (C) fahrenheit (F) Kelvin (K)

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kelvin

answer

(K) measures extreme hot or cold

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classifications of matter

answer

pure substance mixtures

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pure substance

answer

a substance that has only one component

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mixtures

answer

combination of two or more pure substances in which each substance retains its own identity may be either homogeneous or heterogeneous

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homogeneous

answer

consists of only one phase uniform mixture (the same throughout) example: air, soft drink, ocean water

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heterogeneous

answer

consist of more than one phase having visible differing parts example: chocolate chip cookies, salt and pepper, and oil in water

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conclusions of Bohr

answer

proposed a planetary model of the atom

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modern theory

answer

electrons do not move in simple orbits, like the planetary model suggested

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nuclear structure of an atom (nucleus)

answer

protons-positive charge +1 neutrons-neutral charge

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atomic number

answer

the positive charge on its atomic nuclei, or total number of protons in an atom defines each element

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mass number

answer

the total number of protons and neutrons contained in the nucleus of an atom

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atomic weight

answer

the average mass of the atoms of various forms (isotopes) of an element, as they occur naturally

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outer structure of an atom

answer

electrons energy levels orbitals

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electrons

answer

determine the chemical behavior of atoms charge is negative one (-1) mass is 1/1832 atomic mass unit (amu) symbol is e or e- electrical neutrality (protons equal to electrons) electron configuration (arrangement of electrons)

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energy levels

answer

regions around a nucleus where electrons may be found

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orbital's

answer

specific regions within energy levels where electrons are found

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atomic structure and light-electron states

answer

ground state excited state relaxation electronic transitions electromagnetic radiation

question

ground state

answer

the lowest possible energy condition of an electron

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excited state

answer

when an electron absorbs energy, it travels from a lower energy level to a higher level

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relaxation

answer

the release of energy by an atom resulting from electrons falling back into lower energy levels

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electronic transitions

answer

the promotion and relaxation of electrons

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electromagnetic radiation

answer

energy released by atoms traveling as waves that can be broken into characteristic bands called wavelengths

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isotopes

answer

atoms of the same element having different masses because they contain different numbers of neutrons

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isotope notation

answer

the representation of a specific isotope the atomic number is listed below the symbol, the mass number above

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stable isotopes

answer

atoms which do not breakdown spontaneously

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unstable isotopes

answer

radioactive isotopes, either natural or artificially created having an unstable nucleus that decays, emitting alpha, beta or gamma rays

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purpose of the periodic table

answer

provides specific information about each element organizes the elements according to physical and chemical properties

question

general format of the periodic table

answer

periods-7 horizontal rows groups (families)-vertical columns metals-substance whose atoms tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions. left side of the heavy staircase nonmetals-found on the right-hand side of the heavy staircase transition elements (heavy metals)-have incomplete inner shells

question

important groups of elements

answer

alkali metals-group IA, do not occur as free elements alkaline earth metals-group IIA, less reactive transitional metals-group IB-VIIIB, conduct heat and electricity halogens-group VIIA, extremely reactive noble gases-inert gases-group VIIIA, completely unreactive

question

symbols

answer

a shorthand way to write the name of an element

question

atomic number

answer

usually located at the top portion of an element box on the periodic table

question

atomic weight

answer

usually located in the bottom of an element box of the periodic table

question

chemical bonds

answer

the electrical force of attraction between combining elements

question

valence

answer

the combining capacity of an element

question

valence electrons

answer

electrons in the outermost shell which are involved or have the potential to be involved in the bonding process

question

octet rule

answer

atoms try to attain the valence of their nearest noble gas neighbor elements will gain, lose or share the minimum number of electrons necessary to have 8 electrons in their outermost shell

question

ions

answer

positively or negatively charged atoms or groups of atoms

question

cations

answer

positively charged ions

question

anions

answer

negatively charged ions

question

complex ions

answer

ions composed of two or more covalently bonded atoms (radicals, polyatomic ions)

question

covalence

answer

valence resulting from the sharing of electrons

question

electronegativity

answer

the relative tendency of an atom to gain an electron

question

ionic bonds

answer

involves a transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another, leading to the formation of an ionic bond

question

covalent bonds

answer

involves a sharing of electrons resulting in the covalent bond

question

polar covalent bonds

answer

when a covalent bond is formed between atoms of different electronegativities, the share pair of electrons stays closer to the more electronegative atom, and the resulting bond is polar

question

nomenclature

answer

the assignment of a correct and unambiguous name to each and every chemical compound

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chemical formulas

answer

a chemical formula represents a molecule of a substance and is made up of the symbols of the elements of which it is composed

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ionic compounds

answer

metals and nonmetals react to produce these compounds resulting from the transfer of one or more eleectrons

question

subscripts

answer

a number placed below and to the right of the symbol

question

parentheses

answer

used, along with the subscript, to indicate the number of complex ions present in a molecule

question

coefficients

answer

used to indicate the number of molecules

question

steps in formula writing (metal to non-metal)

answer

determine the proper symbol and valence of each element place the positive element (cation) first and the negative last (anion) balance the valences using subscripts by crossing over

question

formula writing examples

answer

aluminum fluoride-starting with the cation we can predict that aluminum has three valence electrons by looking it up on the chart of common elements the anion fluorine is in group VII, it has 7 valence electrons, a -1 charge, it is necessary to multiply -1 x 3 to result in a zero charge answer = AIF3

question

ionic compound

answer

contain two different elements (usually a metal and a nonmetal)

question

stock system (official system)

answer

roman numerals placed in parentheses after the name of the metal are used to indicate its variable charge or oxidation state

question

compounds containing two nonmetals

answer

the chemical bond that exists between two nonmetal elements is predominantly covalent the most electropositive element is named first

question

oxygen containing radicals (complex ions and polyatomic ions)

answer

oxygen containing ions with varying amounts of oxygen less oxygen-"ite" more oxygen-"ate"

question

chemical equation

answer

a qualitative and quantitative expression of the reacting substances and their products in a chemical reaction

question

reactants

answer

substances resulting from a chemical reaction

question

products

answer

substances resulting from a chemical reaction

question

equilibrium

answer

when the rate of the forward reaction and the rate of the reverse reaction of a reversible reaction are equal, the reaction is said to have reached equilibrium

question

law of conservation of mass

answer

matter cannot be either gained or lost in a chemical reaction the total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactants

question

reactants

answer

written to the left of the reaction arrow

question

products

answer

written to the right of the reaction arrow

question

basic symbols

answer

plus sign (+) combines reactants or products arrow (yield) shows direction of the reaction single (---------->) reaction goes to completion generating products double (======>) reversible reaction (equilibrium) heat may be required to start a chemical reaction and may also be the product of a chemical reaction the symbol used to represent heat is a small triangle

question

example of chemical equation

answer

sodium hydroxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to yield sodium chloride and water NaOh + HCl ----------> NaCl + H2O

question

potential energy (chemical bonds)

answer

energy a system possesses by virtue of its position, condition, or composition

question

kinetic energy (motion)

answer

energy a system possess by virtue of its motion

question

molecular collisions

answer

are usually necessary for chemical reactions to occur

question

activation energy

answer

energy which two molecules must have to take part in a chemical reaction

question

catalysts

answer

a substance that changes the rate of a reaction by lowering the activation energy without being permanently changed itself

question

exothermic reactions

answer

reactions that liberate (release) energy

question

endothermic reactions

answer

reactions that absorb energy

question

complete chemical reaction

answer

irreversible

question

incomplete chemical reaction

answer

reversible

question

concentration

answer

rate or speed of a chemical reaction is proportional to the molecular concentration of each of the reacting substances

question

equilibrium constant

answer

ratio at equilibrium that is reached in a system when the conversion of reactants into products and the conversion of products back to reactants is the same

question

balancing chemical equations

answer

the relative number of moles of each product and reactant is indicated by placing a whole number coefficient before the formula of each substance in the chemical equation the coefficient 1 is assumed when a numbered coefficient is absent the equation, as written, is not balanced we cannot alter any chemical substance in the process of balancing the equation we can only introduce coefficients into the equation we must never change subscripts

question

steps to a method for balancing chemical equations

answer

step 1 count the number of atoms of each element on both the product and reactant side step 2 determine which elements are not balanced step 3 balance one element at ta time using coefficients try to balance hydrogen last step 4 check to be certain that the total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactants

question

five major factors that influence the rate of a reaction

answer

1 structure of the reacting species 2 concentration of the reactants 3 temperature of the reactants 4 physical state of the reactants 5 presence of a catalyst

question

types of chemical reactions

answer

oxidation-reduction electrochemical reactions combination reactions decomposition reactions replacement reactions neutralization

question

oxidation-reduction

answer

transfer of negative charge (one or more electrons) from one reactant to another

question

oxidation

answer

loss of electrons addition of oxygen removal of hydrogen

question

reduction

answer

gain of electrons removal of oxygen addition of hydrogen

question

combustion

answer

(rapid oxidation) oxidation accompanied by noticeable light and heat

question

slow oxidation

answer

oxidation not accompanied by noticeable light and heat

question

oxidizing agents

answer

a substance that gains electrons from another, causing the latter to be oxidized

question

reducing agents

answer

a substance that gives up electrons to some other substance, causing the latter to be reduced

question

electrochemical reactions

answer

deals with those chemical changes either produced by electric current or with the production of electric current

question

combination reactions

answer

involve the direct union or combination of two substances producing one new substance

question

decomposition reactions

answer

reactions of a single substance being decomposed or broken down into two or more different substances

question

replacement reactions

answer

single replacement-a reaction in which one atom or complex ions replaces another in a compound, producing a new compound double replacement-a reaction in which two compounds react with each other and exchange atoms

question

neutralization

answer

acid/base reaction

question

classical acid (arrhenius)

answer

a hydrogen containing substance that dissociates to produce hydrogen ions only in aqueous solution

question

bronsted-lowery (proton donor)

answer

a compound that donates a hydrogen ion, or proton, to another compound in a specific reaction is an acid

question

since water accepted the proton (H+ ion)

answer

it behaves as a base

question

hydronium ion

answer

the product (H3O+)of a reaction between a hydrogen ion and a water molecule

question

strong acids

answer

ionize virtually 100% in water to yield hydronium ions (H30). strong acids are also strong electrolytes. hydrochloric (HCl) is a strong acid.

question

weak acids

answer

do not ionize completely in water, yield much less than 100% hydronium ions. weak acids are also weak electrolytes. carbonic (H2CO3) is a weak acid

question

monoprotic acid

answer

an acid that contains only one ionizable hydrogen ion or proton, per formula weight in solution

question

polyprotic acid

answer

acids that can donate more than one hydrogen ion or peoton, per formula weight in solution

question

physiological importance of acids

answer

digestion absorption of food nerve function enzyme action other biochemical reactions necessary for life

question

properties of acids

answer

taste-sour litmus paper-turns blue litmus red neutralization reaction (acid + base)

question

classical base

answer

a chemical compound that yields a hydroxide ion in a water solution

question

bronsted-lowery (proton acceptor)

answer

a compound that accepts a hydrogen ion is a base (anything that accepts a proton)

question

strong bases

answer

ionize virtually 100% in water to yield ions a strong base will acquire a proton

question

weak bases

answer

do not ionize completely in water a base with a low tendency to gain a proton

question

clinical importance of bases

answer

digestion, absorption of food, nerve function, enzyme action and other biochemical reaction necessary for life lime water (calcium hydroxide) is used to overcome excess acidity of the stomach milk of magnesia (dilute solution of magnesium hydroxide) is used as an antacid, the suspension is used as a laxative spirit of ammonia or smelling salts (ammonium hydroxide) heart and respiratory stimulant

question

properties of bases

answer

taste-bitter or astringent taste touch-slippery feeling (like soap) litmus paper-turns red litmus blue

question

dissociation of water (self-ionization of water)

answer

water has both acidic and basic properties, dissociation produces both the hydronium ion and hydroxide ion

question

amphoteric

answer

compound that can act as both a proton donor or proton acceptor

question

pH

answer

the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution as expressed in the equation pH = -log[H+] "p" is the negative power to which the number 10 must be raised and "H" is the molar concentration of hydrogen ions

question

pH scale

answer

has values that range from 0 (very acidic) to 14 (very basic) a pH of 7, the middle of the scale, is neutral and neither acidic nor basic normal blood pH is maintained from 7.35-7.45

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