intro to speech and language test 1 – Flashcards

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is the study of neuroanatomy, or where structures are located, and neurophysiology, or how the brain functions.
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Neuroscience
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is the study of the neuroanatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of language.
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neurolinguistics
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is composed of the brain, spinal cord and all associated nerves and sense organs
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the human nervous system
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is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
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central nervous system
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is any neural tissue that exists outside the CNS. It conducts impulses either away or to the CNS.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
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The PNS consists of ___ cranial and ____ spinal nerves
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12, 31
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The cranial nerves are especially important for ____ , ____, and _____ and course between the brainstem and the face and neck.
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speech, language and hearing
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basic unit of the nervous system. It contains a cell body, an axon and several dendrites
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neuron
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(single, long) transmits impulses away from the cell body
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axon
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(branchy) receives impulses from other cells and transmit them to the cell body.
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dendrites
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A _____ is a gap between two neurons that functions as the site of information transfer from one neuron to another.
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synapse
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At its lower end the CNS contains the spinal cord, which transmits impulses between the ___ and the _____ nervous system.
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brain, peripheral
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At the top of the spinal cord is the ______
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brainstem
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the brainstem consists of the ( 4 things)
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medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, and midbrain
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the medulla oblongata, pons, thalamus, and midbrain structures regulate _____ functions. ( ex breathing, heart rate).
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involuntary
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To the rear of the brainstem is the ______ , which controls equilibrium.
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cerebellum
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Atop the brainstem and cerebellum is the
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cerebrum
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the cerebrum is divided into ____ halves : ___ and ___ hemisphere
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2; left and right
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are sensory and motor functions of the cerebrum ipsilateral or contralateral?
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contralateral
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Each hemisphere consists of white fibrous connective tracts covered by a gray cortex of
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cell bodies
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the 3 types of fiber tracts are
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association, projection and transverse
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The cortex has a wrinkled appearance caused by little hills called gyri and valleys called ____or ___
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fissures, sulci
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Each hemisphere is divided into how many lobes? An what are the names for these lobes ?
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4; frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal.
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The ___ ___separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
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central sulcus
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in front of the central sulcus is the ____ , and its also a strip that controls motor movements.
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motor cortex
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Behind and parallel to the motor cortex: the _____ _____receives sensory input from muscles, joints , bones, skin.
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sensory cortex
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Three basic brain functions are
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regulation, processing and formulation
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the distribution of specialized functions is usually lateralized to one hemisphere.
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Hemispheric Asymmetry
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which hemisphere Integrates information, dominant in visual spatial processing (depth and orientation in space), perception and recognition of faces. Capable of recognition of printed words, but had difficulty decoding information using grapheme-phoneme (letter-sound) correspondence rules. Comprehension and production of speech prosody, music, melodies, laughter.
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right hemisphere
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RH language‐related skills include;
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metaphorical language and semantics; and comprehension of complex linguistic and ideational material and of environmental sounds.
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Is specialized for language, linear order perception, arithmetic calculations, and logical reasoning. Also for control of speech and non-speech related oral movements.
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left hemisphere
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language development is highly correlated with brain maturation and specialization. this is called ?
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brain maturation
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The number of neurons do not change dramatically. They increase in size as ____ and ____ grow to form a dense interconnected web.
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dendrites and axons
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Most of the increase in size of dendrites and axons is the result of
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myelination
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____ determine the basic wiring
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Genes
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______ determines the pathways.
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Experience
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The ____ receptor areas of the temporal lobes mature somewhat later than the visual receptor areas.
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auditory
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Language development is highly correlated with brain ________ and ________.
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maturation and specialization.
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Two important aspects of brain maturation are ____ and _______ .
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weight and organization
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Brain weight _____ during the first two years of life.
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triples
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By age ____ , the brain has usually reached its full weight.
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12
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Disease, malnutrition, or sensory deprivation result in less _____ and ____ functioning. Increased functioning is the result of
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density and decreased; myelination
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Myelination is controlled, in part, by sex‐related hormones, especially _____ .
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estrogen
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The left ____ is most active in speech production; important for ____ feedback from the articulators.
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Insula; motor
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Some areas of the brain are more important than others for language processing, specially ____ and _____ regions of the left hemisphere.
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frontal and temporal
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The auditory signals received in the thalamus are relayed to the ____ _____(primary auditory cortex). (60% from the opposite ear).
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Heschl's gyrus
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_____ _____and surrounding auditory areas separate linguistic information from noise.
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Heschl's gyrus
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Linguistic information receives further processing. Coded linguistic input is sent to the ____ temporal lobe and paralinguistic information (intonation, stress, etc.) is sent to the ____ temporal lobe
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left, right
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language: three brain areas interact as the foundations of language and they are
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a production area, a comprehension area, and a conceptual area
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comprehension area is also known as
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Wernicke's area
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production area is also known as
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Broca's area
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represents the phonological lexicon (the area that stores permanent information about word sounds)
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Wernicke's area
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it is the speech planning and programming area.
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broca's area
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word representations activate related concepts in the concepts centers area
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conceptual area
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the pathway from Wernicke's to Broca's areas.
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Arcuate Fasciculus
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The conceptual basis of a message forms in one of the many memory areas of the cortex. The message structure is organized in Wernicke's area, then the message is transmitted through the.....
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arcuate fasciculus, a white matter tract underlying the angular gyrus, to Broca's area.
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is responsible for detailing and coordinating the programming of verbalizing the message
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broca's area
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Signals are passed to regions of the motor cortex that activate the muscles responsible for _____, ______, _____, and ________.
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respiration, phonation, resonation, and articulation.
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which area is for activation of the muscles used for writing ?
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exner's area
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When explaining linguistic processing we should distinguish between structures and controlled processes. Structures are fixed ______ and _______features of your nervous system.
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anatomical and physiological
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The way incoming information is processed represents the voluntary problem‐solving strategies of each person.
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information processing
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sentences require the aid of memory in which the incoming information is held while analysis is accomplished AND is most likely located in or near Broca's area in the left frontal area.
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working memory
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Incoming information undergoes linguistic analysis in ____ ____ and The angular gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus assist in this process
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Wernicke's area (left temporal lobe).
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Written input is received in the ____ cortex and transferred to the ______ _____, where it may be integrated with auditory input. This information is then transmitted to _____ area for analysis
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visual; angular gyrus,; Wernicke's
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