Intro Psychology CLEP – Flashcards

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"The focus of psychological science is the attempt to relate overt response to observable environmental stimuli." This statement is most closely associated with which of the following approaches?
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Behavioral Approach
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The_________________ is involved in primary auditory perception, such as hearing, and holds the primary auditory cortex.
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temporal lobe
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Refers to the study of human mental processes and their role in thinking, feeling, and behaving. ____________ psychologists study internal processes including perception, attention, language, memory and thinking.
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Cognitive Approach
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This approach has us believe that all we do is a consequence of our genetics and physiology. It is the only approach in psychology that examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviors from a physical point of view.
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Biological Approach
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Studies the whole person, and the uniqueness of each individual. A human being is more than just a sum of his or her parts. He or she should be viewed holistically, not reductively.
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Humanistic Approach
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This approach includes all the theories in psychology that see human functioning based upon the interaction of drives and forces within the person, particularly unconscious, and between the different structures of the personality. Emphasizes systematic study of the psychological forces that underlie human behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience. Established by Freud.
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Psychodynamic Approach
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Which of the following types of research design is the most appropriate for establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables? Researchers control the variables.
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Experimental Research
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Determines if a relationship exists between two or more variables, and if so, to what degree the relationship occurs. Types include archival research, survey research, and natural observation. Researchers do not control the variables; data already exists.
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Correlational Research
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Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.
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Naturalistic observation
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A descriptive study that includes an intensive study of one person, or a small group, and allows an intensive examination of a single case, usually chosen for its interesting or unique characteristics
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Case study
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The science of psychology is typically dated from the establishment of the late-nineteenth-century Leipzig laboratory of
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William Wundt
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The requirement that prospective participants know the general nature of a study so that they can decide whether to participate is a major part of
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informed consent
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The statement "Response latency is the number of seconds that elapses between the stimulus and the response" is an example of
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an operational definition
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Indicates what the researchers specifically must do to measure the concept and collect needed information. This means one must relate ideas to concrete, measurable events in the world. That is why scientists need ________________, which tell how to measure or detect something.
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an operational definition
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The release of a neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is cause by which of the following?
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An action potential
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a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory.
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An action potential
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A neuron is said to be polarized when
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it is in a resting state
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Down's Syndrome is caused by
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an extra chromosome
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How many pairs of chromosomes are contained in most human cells?
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23
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Damage to an individual's parietal lobe would most likely result in
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reduced sensitivity to touch
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In adults, total sensory deprivation for long periods of time produces
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hallucinations and impaired efficiency in all areas of intellectual functioning
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Which of the following statements does NOT accurately describe the retina
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The rods are more dense in the fovea than in the periphery
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The opponent-process theory in vision best explains which of the following?
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Color afterimages
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The theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
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Opponent-process theory
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The receptors for hearing are the
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hair cells on the basilar membrane
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The picture above of the road receding in the distance represents the depth perception cue known as
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linear perspective
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Brain waves during REM sleep generally appear as
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rapid low-amplitude waves
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Which of the following is a type of sleep pattern that becomes less prevalent as one moves from infancy to adulthood?
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REM
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According to current psychological research, hypnosis is most useful for which of the following purposes?
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Pain control
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Checking the coin return every time one passes a vending machine is a type of behavior probably being maintained by which of the following schedules of reinforcement?
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Variable ratio only
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A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified time interval has passed.
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fixed interval
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A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a specified number of responses.
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fixed ratio
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A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.
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variable ratio
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A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.
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variable interval
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Making the amount of time a child can spend playing video games contingent on the amount of time the child spends practicing the piano is an illustration of
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operant conditioning
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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operant conditioning
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a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)
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aversive conditioning
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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classical conditioning
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Which of the following strategies would undermine the effectiveness of punishment?
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Delaying punishment
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A teacher tells a child to sit down in class. Over the course of several days, the child is standing up more and more frequently, only to be told to sit down each time. It is most likely that the teacher's reprimands are serving as
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a reinforcer
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In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
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reinforcer
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In operant conditioning, any change in a human or animal's surroundings that occurs after a given behavior or response which reduces the likelihood of that behavior occurring again in the future.
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punishment
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A stimulus that is punishing or unpleasant is known as what type of stimuli?
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an aversive stimulus
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Jenny drives the same route to work every day. One morning, a car runs a red light and hits Jenny at a prominent intersection on her normal route. After that, every time she approaches the intersection, Jenny's hands begin to sweat and her heart races. Approaching this light is an example of what?
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a conditioned stimulus
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Which of the following is a secondary reinforcer? a) food b) warmth c) money d)sex
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Money
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A reinforcer other than one which meets our basic needs such as food or water (e.g., intellectual stimulation, money, praise).
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secondary reinforcer
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Reinforcer that has survival value for an organism; this value does not have to be learned
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primary reinforcer
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Shortly after learning to associate the word "dog" with certain four legged furry animals, young children will frequently misidentify a cow or horse as a dog. This phenomenon is best viewed as an example of
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overextension
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Occurs when a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to.
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overextension
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When experience hinders learning in a new situation is considered to be
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negative transfer
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The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life.
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imprinting
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Parallel lines, such as railroad tracks, appear to converge with distance. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance.
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linear perspective
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If on the last day of a psychology class a student is asked to remember what was done in a class each day during the term, she will likely be able to remember best the activities of the first and last class meetings. This situation is an example of
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the serial position effect
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The finding that the recall of items in the list tends to be better at the beginning and end of the list than for items in the middle of the list.
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the serial position effect
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The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. For example, you may have difficulty skiing even though you know how because of recently learning how to snowboard.
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retroactive interference
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When experience enhances learning in a new situation.
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positive transfer
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Memory retrieval problem that occurs when older information prevents or interferes with the retrieval of newer information. For example, an English speaking person may have greater difficulty learning Spanish because of his or her tendency to want to apply English grammar to the new language.
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proactive interference
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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.
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short-term memory
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Prior learning interferes with subsequent learning. ________________ relates to a negative effect of prior interference on the recall of a second task
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proactive interference
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Research has shown that students generally perform better if tested in the same room where they did their learning. This shows the importance of which of the following memory?
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context
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Conditions, including facts, social/historical background, time and place, etc., surrounding a given situation
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context
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A concept developed to explain why certain associations are learned more readily than others. For example, phobias related to survival, such as snakes, spiders, and heights, are much more common and much easier to induce in the laboratory than other kinds of fears.
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preparedness
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The property of remaining unchanged regardless of changes in the conditions of measurement. Perceive things as the same when just flipped/at different angles or sizes.
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invariance
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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.
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rehearsal
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Which of the following is true of recall performance on a typical forgetting curve?
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It decreases rapidly at first, and then it levels off
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A graph showing retention and forgetting over time.
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forgetting curve
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According to information processing theory, information is progressively processed by
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sensory memory, short-term memory, and then long-term memory
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A type of storage that holds sensory information for a few seconds or less.
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sensory memory
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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system; includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.
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long-term memory
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In problem solving, which of the following approaches almost always guarantees a solution?
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algorithm
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A rule that guarantees the right solution by using a formula or other foolproof method.
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algorithm
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A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.
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insight
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Simple, efficient rules, learned or hard-coded by evolutionary processes, that have been proposed to explain how people make decisions, come to judgments, and solve problems typically when facing complex problems or incomplete information.Usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. Rule of thumb. Common sense. Mental shortcut.
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heuristic
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Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.
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critical thinking
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A type of critical thinking in which one evaluates existing possible solutions to a problem to choose the best one.
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convergent thinking
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One theory of the effects of arousal holds that efficiency of behavior can be described as an inverted U-shaped function of increasing arousal. Which of the following accurately describes this relationship?
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Low and high levels of arousal lead to poorest performance
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A woman who is cold puts on a warm coat illustrates
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drive reduction
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A theory that explains motivation as being based on the goal of eliminating uncomfortable internal states.
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drive reduction
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Which of the following presents a pair of needs from Abraham Maslow's hierarchical need structure in order from lower to higher need?
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Physiological needs, safety
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A person's need for shelter from the elements, violence, money for shelter. Second Level
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safety
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According to Maslow, the third level need for affiliation, also known as "love and belonging". We want to be accepted by others around us. We want to have stable relationships.
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social
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According to Maslow, the need to within our social groups to be recognized and admired as individuals who accomplish things. We want prestige and power.
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esteem
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According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.
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self-actualization
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According to Maslow, the striving for identity, meaning, and purpose beyond the self. At the top of the pyramid.
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self-transcendence
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Which of the following has been identified as correlating most closely with heart disease?
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Hostility
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In which of the following areas does research show most clearly that girls develop earlier than boys?
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Adolescent physical growth spurt
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Developmental psychologist would most likely prefer longitudinal research designs to cross-section research designs because longitudinal designs
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utilize the subjects as their own experimental controls
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A research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed.
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longitudinal research design
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A study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.
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cross-section research design
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Techniques that researchers utilize to minimize the effects of extraneous experience and environmental variables as well as to strengthen the inference that changes in the dependent variable are due to the independent variable. Procedures that make a study more reliable or valid.
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experimental controls
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A young child breaks her cookie into a number of pieces and assert that "now there is more to eat." In Jean Piaget's analysis, the child's behavior is
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preoperational thought
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Stage (2-7) learns language, symbolic play, and symbolic drawing but does not grasp abstract concepts...For example kid draws family with mom, sibling, and self together same size & draws dad on other side of paper big
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preoperational thought
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One of Piaget's stages; includes the ability to use abstract thinking
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formal operations
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Piaget's 3rd stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age
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concrete operations
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The ability to determine that a certain quantity will remain the same despite adjustment of the container, shape, or apparent size.
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conservation
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First stage: During this initial phase of development, children experience the world and gain knowledge through their senses and motor movements. As children interact with their environments, they go through an astonishing amount of cognitive growth in a relatively short period of time.
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sensorimotor behavior
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A school psychologist informs a ninth-grade teacher that Jimmy "identifies" with his twelfth-grade brother. What is the psychologist means is that Jimmy tends to
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Accept his brother's values and to imitate his behavior
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The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parent's values into their developing superegos. Taking on the desirable attributes of a personality the person admires.
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identification
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According to Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's original theory, what is the correct order of the stages for confronting impending death?
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denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance
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When preschool children see the world only from their point of view, they are displaying
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egocentric thinking
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The process of ______________ involves altering one's existing schemas, or ideas, as a result of new information or new experiences. New schemas may also be developed during this process.
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accommodation
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a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. Idea(s)
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schema
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The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived
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object permanence
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Specific reasoning. A logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Starts out with a general statement, or hypothesis, and examines the possibilities to reach a specific, logical conclusion. a decision-making process where choices are made based upon the results of previous choices and a critical observation of the results, This method is used heavily in scientific experimentation, but is also used informally in everyday life. If something is true of a class of things in general, it is also true for all members of that class.
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deductive reasoning
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Broad and generalized reasoning. A style of reasoning in which decisions are made and conclusions are reached by a process of analyzing available evidence and past experiences.
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inductive reasoning
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When insulted by a friend, Sally's first impulse was to strike him. Instead, she yelled loudly and kicked door several times. This means of reducing aggressive impulses exemplifies which of the following?
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displacement
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Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.
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repression
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The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving.
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fixation
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type of defense mechanism where socially unacceptable impulses or idealizations are unconsciously transformed into socially acceptable actions or behavior, possibly resulting in a long-term conversion of the initial impulse.
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sublimation
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Carl Jung is associated with which of the following concepts?
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Collective unconscious
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A lack of self-worth, a doubt and uncertainty, and feelings of not measuring up to standards.
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Inferiority complex
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Theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements
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Collective unconscious
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Erik Erikson's and Sigmond Freud's theories of personality development are most similar in that both
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are based on stages
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The use of projective tests is associated with which of the following psychological approaches?
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Psycholanalysis
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A school of psychology that studies that only behavior that can be observed or measured. It does not include the study of emotions or motives.Example of positive reinforcement in ____________: Companies offer raises to employees who exhibit excellent performances. The hope of a raise can serve as motivation for employees to do their jobs well. Example of negative reinforcement: If a high school student is late to school more than three times in a marking period, he or she will earn a detention and have to stay after school. School officials hope that the possibility of having to serve time in detention will encourage students to come to school on time.
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Behaviorism
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Proposes that learning experiences and the environment influences our expectations and other thoughts and, in turn, that our thoughts influence how we behave
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Cognitive behaviorism
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Philosophy that celebrates human cultural achievements and emphasizes human reason and ethics. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and positive human potential.
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Humanism
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A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.
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Functionalism
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Lawrence is pessimistic and moody. In terms of Hans Eysenck's personality dimensions, Lawrence would be classified as
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unstable-introverted
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Non-verbal behavior is incongruent with the spoken word.
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passive-agressive
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Coretta is quiet, pessimistic, anxious, and moody. In terms of the Eysenck's basic personality dimensions she would be classified as
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unstable-introverted
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any excitation
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arousal
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Personality trait dimension associated with the tendency to be anxious, hostile, self-conscious, depressed, impulsive, and vulnerable
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neuroticism
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The key distinction between a personality trait and an attitude is
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durability
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The _________of an item is its state or quality of standing out relative to neighboring items. ___________ detection is considered to be a key attentional mechanism that facilitates learning and survival by enabling organisms to focus their limited perceptual and cognitive resources on the most pertinent subset of the available sensory data. The level to which something in the environment can catch and retain one's attention. A bee buzzing around your books while you read would command quite a bit more of your attention than the book you're reading or the feel of the breeze blowing by.
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salience
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The intrinsic attractiveness (positive ________) or aversiveness (negative _________) of an event, object, or situation. __________ indicates the emotional value that is associated with a stimulus. For instance, the sight of a loved one will have a great emotional __________ while seeing a neighbor from across the street might have only a minimal emotional ___________.
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valence
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A diagnosis of schizophrenia typically includes which of the following symptoms
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delusions
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The term "etiology" refers to the study of which of the following aspects of an illness?
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origins and causes
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An obsession is defined as
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an unwanted thought
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A somatization disorder is characterized chiefly by
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physical complaints
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A group of psychological disorders in which a patient experiences physical symptoms that are inconsistent with or cannot be fully explained by any underlying general medical or neurologic condition.
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somatization disorder
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Personality disorders are characterized by which of the following?
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Problematic social relationships and inflexible and maladaptive responses to stress
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Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy has indicated that:
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certain therapeutic methods have been shown to be especially effective for particular psychological disorders
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Which of the following kinds of therapy attempts to correct irrational beliefs that lead to psychological distress?
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cognitive
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Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.
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cognitive therapy
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Focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes
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behavioral therapy
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A form of therapy designed to help clients explore the meaning of existence and face the great questions of life, such as death, freedom, and loneliness. Based upon the principles of psychodynamic therapy, humanistic and existential psychology.
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existential therapy
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An existentialist approach to treatment with the goal of helping the client become aware of his or her thoughts, behaviors, experiences, and feelings and to "own" or take responsibility for them
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Gestalt therapy
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Sigmund Feud's therapeutic technique. Helps patient become aware of unconscious motives, gain insight into emotional issues and conflicts; Strengthen ego so choices based on reality rather than instincts (id) or guilt (superego); Try to discover childhood events & unconscious feeling that contribute to motivations & behaviors;
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Psychoanalytic therapy
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An individual undergoing psychotherapy shows improvement due only to that person's belief in the therapy and not because the therapy itself. This result illustrates
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placebo effect
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A phenomenon characterized by unconscious redirection of feelings from one person to another.
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transference effect
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The immediate relief from guilt, anxiety, or other unpleasant feelings that a patient derives from a symptom. For example, a client might feel guilty about being unable to perform a task. If he has a mental disorder, he might not feel so bad.
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primary gain
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In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral stimulus
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conditioned response
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Which of the following can be a significant side effect of electroconvulsive therapy?
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temporary loss of memory
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are used primarily in the treatment of which of the following?
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depression
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Similarity, proximity, reciprocity and familiarity are important determinants of
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attraction
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Phenomenon that occurs in animals, and theoretically in humans, in the first hours of life. The newborn creature bonds to the type of animals it meets at birth and begins to pattern its behavior after them.
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imprinting
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Acting out of concern for the well-being of others, without regard to your own self-interest.
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altruism
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The bystander effect has been explained by which of the following?
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diffusion of responsibly
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According to Robert Sternberg, love is composed of which of the following?
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intimacy, passion, commitment
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Gentle, caring, giving type of love, brotherly love, not concerned with the self. It is relatively rare. Mother Theresa showed this kind of love for impoverished people.
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agape
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Relationship in which when one element decreases, the other element increases
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inverse relationship
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Relationship whereas the value of one variable increase, the other increases or when one decreases, the other decreases.
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direct relationship
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Job satisfaction has an __________ with turnover.
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inverse relationship
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An internal, or __________, attribution, people infer that an event or a person's behavior is due to personal factors such as traits, abilities, or feelings.
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dispositional
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In an external, or __________, attribution, people infer that a person's behavior is due to ____________ factors.
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situational
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An over simplified or standardized image or idea held by one person (or group) of another person (or group).
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stereotypical
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The same throughout.
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homogeneous
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Which of the following terms refer to the strategy of making a small request to gain listener's compliance, then making a larger request?
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foot-in-the-door
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A test can be reliable without being valid. True or False
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True
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Which of the following statistics indicates the distribution with the greatest variability?
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a standard deviation of 11.2
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Useful for researchers studying focal brain activity while participant generates words.
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Positron-emission tomography? (PET)
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A process of using computers to make a 3-dimensional image from a 2-dimensional picture.
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Computerized axial tomography (CAT)
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Used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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A medical technique for measuring the resting potential of the retina.
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Electrooculography (EOG)
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The recording of electrical activity along the scalp. Measures voltage fluctuations resulting from ionic current flows within the neurons of the brain.
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Electroencephalography (EEG)
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The case study method of conducting research is justifiably criticized because
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the results are difficult to generalize to a larger population
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Used to get a full, detailed picture of participant or a small group of participants
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case study method
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A person who wants to see an object in low light conditions should focus the object on
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the periphery of the retina because that is where the rods are more densely packed
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A measure of central tendency that can be easily distorted by unusually high or low scores. Average score of the sample.
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mean
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Defined as the middle score after the scores have been arranged in numerical order.
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median
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Defined as the most often occurring value.
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mode
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The part of the hypothalamus that produces hunger signals.
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lateral
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Stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus will result in which of the following behaviors in laboratory rats?
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An increase in eating behavior
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Stell Chess and Alexander Thomas have classified temperament into which of the following?
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easy, difficult, slow to warm up
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Developed by Albert Ellis, a form of psychotherapy based on identifying and correcting irrational beliefs that are believed to underlie emotional and behavioral difficulties.
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rational-emotive behavior therapy
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Characterized by inflated or grandiose sense of themselves and an extreme need for admiration (expect others to notice their special qualities, even when their accomplishments are ordinary, and they enjoy basking in the light of adulation; self-absorbed, lack empathy for others; strong sense of entitlement; tend to be preoccupied with fantasies of success and power, ideal love, or recognition for brilliance or beauty)
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narcissistic personality disorder
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What disorder, experienced more than half of the time for a 6-month period, is described as being fearful, worrisome, or impatient and having sleep disturbances, poor concentration, hyperactivity, and an overall sense of autonomic hyperactivity?
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generalized anxiety disorder
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An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.
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panic disorder
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Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs that cause the performance of compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life.
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
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________________refers to behavior which is driven by enjoyment or because someone finds it interesting.
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Intrinsic motivation
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___________ refers to behavior that is driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, and praise. This type of motivation arises from outside the individual. Doing something for external rewards or to avoid negative consequences.
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extrinsic motivation
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Tameka regularly sets goals, plans for attaining these goals, and monitors her progress. This activity would be most closely associated with
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high achievement motivation
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A desire for significant accomplishment; for mastery of things, people, or ideas; for rapidly attaining a high standard.
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achievement motivation
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This theory argues that an event causes physiological arousal first and then we interpret this arousal. Only after our interpretation of the arousal can we experience emotion. If the arousal is not noticed or is not given any thought, then we will not experience any emotion based on this event. For example, you see a bear in the woods, and you begin to tremble. You then identify the fact that you are trembling and conclude that you are afraid..."I am trembling, therefore I am afraid."
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James-Lange
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This theory argues that we experience physiological arousal and emotional at the same time, but gives no attention to the role of thoughts or outward behavior. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.
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Cannon-Bard
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According to this theory, an event causes physiological arousal first. You must then identify a reason for this arousal and then you are able to experience and label the emotion. EXAMPLE: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.
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Schachter-Singer
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a participant learns a new behavior but does not demonstrate the behavior until a reward is offered for doing so. This in an example of which of the following types of learning?
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latent
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Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
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latent learning
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A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
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classical conditioning
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With regard to understanding human behavior, the humanistic approaches emphasizes
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free will
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When a nurse touches the cheek of an infant and the infant turns her head towards the touch and opens her mouth, the nurse has elicited the
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rooting reflex
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Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched
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Babinski reflex
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An involuntary process that causes a part of the body to automatically pull away from something that is causing pain.
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withdrawal reflex
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Reflex in which a newborn strectches out the arms and legs and cries in response to a loud noise or an abrupt change in the environment
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Moro reflex
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Auditory sensory memory. Example: a student trying to replay the last few notes his piano teacher just played.
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Echoic memory
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A theory of motivation suggesting that people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of alertness and physical and mental activation.
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Arousal theory
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A theory of motivation that attempts to identify which human psychological traits are evolved adaptations - that is, the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection.
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Evolutionary Theory
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Which of the following theories best supports the idea that people are genetically predisposed to live in groups because it contributes to the survival of the species?
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Evolutionary Theory
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A theory that states that people are motivated by external rewards.
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Incentive Theory
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A sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings
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sleep apnea
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A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.
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narcolepsy
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The tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)
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REM rebound
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Another term for activated sleep, deep sleep, desynchronized sleep, rapid eye-moyement or REM sleep, para sleep, and rhombencephalic sleep.
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paradoxical sleep
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Learning that occurs through observing the behavior of others.
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observational learning
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A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher.
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operant conditioning
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A psychological heuristic that influences the way people intuitively assess probabilities. According to this heuristic, people start with an implicitly suggested reference point and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. Example: If asked whether the population of Turkey was greater or less than 30 million, you might give one or other answer. If then asked what you thought the actual population was, you would very likely guess somewhere around 30 million, because you have a set point in the previous answer.
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anchoring and adjustment heuristic
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Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common.
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availability heuristic
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A ________________ occurs when two events that can occur together or separately are seen as more likely to occur together than separately. This usually happens when it is easier to imagine two events occurring in a combination than occurring alone.
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conjunction fallacy
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1) Carol has several students that practice the piano everyday; or 2) Her students that practice the piano everyday are proficient. Of these two statements, the first statement is more likely. The amount of students that are proficient and practice the piano is not the same as the probability that her students are either proficient or practice the piano.
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conjunction fallacy
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holds that facial movement and expressions can influence attitude and emotional experience. For instance, when a person attends a function and is required to smile for the duration of the function, they will actually have a better experience of the function.
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facial feedback hypothesis
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Lila thinks the new student in her study group is in a fraternity because to her, he looks like other students who are in fraternities. Lila's decision about the new student is most likely the result of
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respresentativeness heuristic
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refers to grammatical errors that usually start in the early stages of a child's language development where language rules are applied too generally, rather than according to the idiosyncracies (words that don't follow the usual rules of the language) that all languages possess. For example, a child might refer to more than one mouse as mouses rather than mice.
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overregulation
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occurs when a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language improperly by only using it for one object instead of all objects that belong in that category. This often occurs in children when they are initially acquiring and developing language. Children will frequently not apply a new word to objects that it should be applied to.
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underextension
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An example would be a toddler learning the word ball to describe their toy ball. ______________ occurs when the child uses the word ball in reference to only their specific individual ball and not use it as a term for all balls. Another example would be a child using the word cat for only their family's lone pet cat instead of using it to apply to all cats.
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underextension
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Schizopherenia is similar to Parkinson's in that both disorders
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involve an imbalance of the neurotransmitter dopamine
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A psychologist using _______________'s person centered therapy strives to ensure that clients receive unconditional positive regard.
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Carl Rogers
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information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
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top-down processing
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Processing that involves the construction of perceptions from individual pieces of information provided by sensory processing.
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bottom-up processing
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A tendency to judge the likelihoods of an event occurring based on our typical mental representations of those events.
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respresentativeness heuristic
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a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.
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elaborative rehearsal
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is a way of organizing information into familiar groupings. This is done with all sorts of information, including numbers, single words, and multiple-word phrases which are collapsed into a single word, to create acronyms.
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chunking
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a behavioral term that refers to gradually molding or training an organism to perform a specific response (behavior) by reinforcing any responses that are similar to the desired response.
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shaping
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A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence
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confirmation bias
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A region of the cerebral cortex that has specialized areas for movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, and judgement
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frontal lobe
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This brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behavior, personality expression, decision making, and moderating social behavior.
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prefrontal cortex
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play an important role in organizing sensory input, auditory perception, language and speech production, as well as memory association and formation.
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temporal lobes
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Responsible for processing visual information from the eyes
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Occipital lobe
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Processes sensory information that had to do with taste, temperature, and touch
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Parietal lobe
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According to the __________________ of hearing, the frequency of the auditory nerve's impulses corresponds to the frequency of a tone, which allows us to detect its pitch.
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frequency theory
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The _______________ of hearing states that different parts of the cochlea are activated by different frequencies. refers to how sound is received and perceived by the human ear. It refers to how sound waves affect different areas of the tympanic membrane, or eardrum, to create the perception of different types of sounds. A similar effect can be seen by hitting a tamborine in different spots; hitting near the side gives a flatter sound that hitting it in the center.
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place theory
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A summary chart, showing how frequently each of the various scores in a set of data occurs
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frequency distribution
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the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same group are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other groups.
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cluster analysis
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The process by which a person acquires, codes, stores, recalls, and decodes information about his or her spatial environment.
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cognitive mapping
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____________ is the opposite of the hypothesis being tested. The researcher suspects the hypothesis to be true (and thus is doing research to support the hypothesis), but the _____________ is the hypothesis the researcher tries to disprove.
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null hypothesis
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improved performance on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others
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social facilitation
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This hypothesis puts forward the idea that people are attracted to people who are equally socially desirable. This desirability, however, is not limited to physical measures of desirability; some women are attracted to wealth and success rather than physical appearance, while men may be more attracted to youth and physical beauty.
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matching phenomenon
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Occurs when an expected external incentive such as money or prizes decreases a person's intrinsic motivation to perform a task.
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overjustification
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The social, occupational, or interpersonal advantages that a patient derives from symptoms. A patient's being relieved of his or her share of household chores by other family members would be an example of ______________.
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secondary gain
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