Intro PDA Exam 2 – Flashcards
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| How structure affects movement of the drug from point A to point B? |
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ADME Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion |
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| What is the main organ most drugs have to go through? |
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| Liver |
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| Isomer |
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| Different compoiunds with the same molecular formula |
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| Aliphatic |
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Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes |
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| In order for oxidation to occur, alkanes need what? |
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| An enzyme |
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| Rxns of Alkenes |
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Halogenation Hydrogenation Oxidation |
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| Dienes |
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| Two double bonds |
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| w-oxidation |
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| Oxidation occurs on the last Carbon |
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| w-1 oxidation |
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| Oxidation occurs on the next to last carbon |
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| CH3CH2CH2OH |
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| Primary Alcohol |
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| Secondary Alcohol |
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| Tertiary Alcohol |
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| When oxidized primary alcohols form? |
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| Aldehydes and Carboxylic Acids |
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| When oxidized secondary alcohols form? |
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| Ketones |
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| Ketone |
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| Aldehyde |
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| Carboxylic Acid |
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| Ether |
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| Ester |
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| Amide |
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| When oxidized tertiary alcohols form? |
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| No Rxn |
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| Rate dehydration of alcohols from slowest to fastest |
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| Primary<Secondary<Tertiary |
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| Isolated Diene |
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| double bonds seperated by two single bonds |
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| [image] |
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| Isolated Diene |
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| Conjugated Diene |
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| Double bonds seperated by one single bond |
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| Conjugated Diene |
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| Conjugated diene have ____ energy; more _____ |
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| lower; stable |
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| Isolated diene has _____ energy; more ____ |
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| higher; reactive |
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| [image] |
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| Phenol |
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| Electron Donating Groups |
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| -OH, -OR, -SH, -SR, -NR, -R1, -R2, -R3 |
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| What do electron donating groups do to the aromatic ring? |
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| Activate |
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| If the R is electron donating, what can occur and where? |
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Oxidation can occur It occurs in the para position |
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| Electron Withdrawing Groups |
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Halogens (F, Br, Cl, I) COOH, aldehydes, ketones, ester |
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| T or F: Oxidation can occur when the R group is an electron withdrawing group |
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| False |
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| Five Acidic Functional Groups |
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| Sulfonic Acid |
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| Phosphoric Acid |
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| Sulfonamide |
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| Acids have a _____ pKa |
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| High |
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| Bases have a _____ pKa |
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| Low |
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| What is used to mease the stregth of an acid? |
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| pKa |
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| Are Amines basic or acidic? |
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| Basic |
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| T or F: Quaternary amines are not basic |
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| True |
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| Rules to determine if a drug is basic: |
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| Neutral Drug |
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| The drug does not contain any acidic grps and basic nitrogens |
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| Amphoteric Drugs |
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| The drug contains both an acidic grp and a basic Nitrogen |
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| Zwitterionic Drug |
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| A charged species |
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| How does a drug know where to go? |
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| What happens to salt when it is placed in H20? |
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| Salt will undergo hydrolysis and the solution will becom ebasic |
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| 3 Rxns of Carboxylic Acids |
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| Esters undergo what type of rxn? |
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| Hydrolysis |
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| Diastereomeers |
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| these are the stereoisomers which are not mirror images |
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| Henderson- Hasselbach Equation |
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| PH= pKa + Log [cong. base]/[acid] |
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| Oxidation |
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| Removing a H |
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| Reduction |
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| Adding a H |
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| [image] |
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| Azo Group |
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| Reduction of azo groups will ALWAYS form ??? |
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| Primary amines |
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| When determining the # of stereoisomers what equation would you use? |
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2n n= # of chiral centers |
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| Which configuration has coutner-clockwise rotation? |
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| S- configuration |
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| Which configuration has clockwise rotation? |
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| R- configuration |
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| Acids are proton _____ |
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| Donors |
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| Bases are proton ______ |
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| Acceptors |
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| Equation for % ionization;of acids |
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100 1+10(pka-ph) |
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| What is the primary purpose for metabolism |
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| to facilitate elimination from the body |
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| In order for a drug to go thru phase 2 which groups must be present? |
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-OH, -NH2, -COOH, -SH |
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| Oxidative N-dealkylation |
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| removal of an akyl group from a nitrogen |
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| Desulfuration |
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| removal of a sulfur |
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| Types of phase 1 |
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Oxidative Reductive Hydrolytic |
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| O-Glucuronic Acid Conjugation |
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| Adding glucuronic acid to an Oxygen |
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| Sulfate Conjugation |
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| Adding sulfur to a functional group |
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| Amino Acid Conjugation |
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Adding an amino acid to a functional group ; *can only happen on Carboxylic Acid* |
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| S- Methylation |
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| Adding a methyl group to a sulfur |
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| Types of Phase 2 Rxns |
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Glucuronic Acid Conjugation (O, N, S) Sulfate Conjugation Amino Acid Conjugation Methylation ( O, N, S) Acetylation Glutathione Conjugation |
