Industrialization – Flashcards
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It made it possible to invent elevators, skyscrapers and most importantly suspension bridges using steel from iron which was lighter and more flexible. It ultimately contributed to the rapid expansion of the steel industry leading to rapid expansion of other industries. This also created steam boats.
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What product did the bessemer process help make possible?
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It was the idea of American Capitalism or Natural Selection. It said that wealth was a measure of one's inherit value and those who had more wealth were more "fit" for society.
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what is social darwinism?
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social darwinism and laissez-faire are related because immigrants are coming in and the government is not doing anything about it. laisse-faire with health regulations etc. social darwinism comes in and survival of the fittest comes in within industry. if you weren't to succeed then you did succeed. if you were not you will not. and thhe immigrants if they werre ment tto suucceed after froming into the united states than theey will.
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how is social darwinism and laissez-faire related?
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when andrew carnegie's partner, Henry Frick tried to break a labor contract with his workers at carnegie steel by cutting wages, the union called a strike.
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what caused the homestead strike?
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-many people associated with the strikers -the strikers ultimately gave in -carnegie steel remained non-unionized until the mid 1930's
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what was the significance of the homestead strike?
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the conditions were horrible. 8 to 12 hour work days. smokey and bad breathing air. dangerous. tired/exhausting children worked in the factories. very minimal pay.
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describe factory conditions in the mid 1800's for a typical worker
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the industry who creates a monopoly controls everything.
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what is the benefit of creating a monopoly
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he wanted to improve efficiency in a factory. he wanted to introduce people doing simple jobs instead of doing the entire project for efficiency. this was the idea of mass production. he conducted experiments in order to prove that mass production was more effective than individual made products. Maximize workers and effect and also this is to maximize money. in a factory the quality is lower and the work environment becomes more unsaf.
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why did frederick winslow taylor conduct "time and motion studies" in the 1880's?
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andrew carnegie created a steel monopoly by buying all of the other steel industries
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What type of monopoly did andrew carnegie create? explain
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he created an oil monopoly by buying all of the other oil industries
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what type of monopoly did john d. rockefeller create? explain
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-a robber baron is a powerful businessman -they were shroud capitalists who swindled the poor
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who is robber baron?
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term used to describe a business leader who's means of amassing a personal fortune contributes positively to the country in some way. they were business leaders who served the nation positively
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what does Captain of Industry mean?
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railroad owners were able to use the sherman anti-trust act against the unions. this stated that strikes were not allowed to occur if they interfered with the government. This specific strike interfered with the mail delivery and the mail is part of the government.
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how did the federal government justify its actions in the pullman strike?
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-the industry involved in the pullman strike was the railroad industry (sleeping cars company) (alot of a.a.) • the govt backed up the industry -the industry involved in the homestead strike was the steel industry (under carnegiee) • the govt backed up the industry
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what industries were involved in the pullman and homestead strikes?
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A political and economic theory of social organization that advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community as a whole. the idea that the company would not be controlled by just one person.
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what is socialism?
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they were getting very sick from diseases they are constantly tired between work and school they are very weak and unhealthy because of poor pay and bad conditions • this was the guy who wrote about the coal mines and wrote about the children working, getting injured and giving birth in the factory.
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according to john spargo, what were some of the major problems facing children working in factories?
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the knights of labor was devoted to broad social reform such as replacing capitalism with workers cooperative and the american federation of labor focused on very specific workers issues such as wages, working hours and members could be hired.
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how did the knights of labor differ from the american federation of labor?
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the leader of the knights of labor was Smith Stevens the leader of the american federation of labor was Samuel Gompers
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who were the leaders of the knights and the american federation of labor
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-to the unionists, the anarchists are heroes -to the employers the anarchists were vicious criminals -the public image of the union suffered
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what was that impact of the haymarket affair?
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people who buy a product or a service that is sold by a company
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what is a consumer?
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a business that makes a product or service for sale
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what is a producer?
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a group of companies that make a similar product or service
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what is an industry?
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an industry with one company. when one company makes a product or service. they can
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what is a monopoly?
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the amount of money that is left over after all of the expenses
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what is a profit?
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allows women, african americans, skilled, unskilled and immigrants -they aimed for getting social reforms
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who are the knights of labor?
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they only allow skilled workers who are white and male -they aimed for specific reforms such as hours, wages etc.
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who are the american federation of labor?
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he form the westing house company. one of the original ACDC (alternating current)(vs. direct currrent)... inventors. (regarding electricity) rival with Edison (standardized alternating current) -part of the system of competition in the race to control electricity
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who is Westing House?
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he is another one of the inventors that was trying to promote some of the ideas around electricity. his main invention was
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who is Tesla?
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the invention on morse code (the telegraph) this created communication from very far distances (before the telephone) could talk between England and the united states
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Samuel Morse?
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the was the inventor of the telephone
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who is alexander grahem bell?
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it means hands off hands free it means to lay off taking a step back
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what laisse-faire mmean?
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when a company tries to control all phases of a products development by purchasing other companies. (chicken, flour, oil, transport, etc..)
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what is vertical consolidation
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when a company buys another company offering a similar product or service (Dell Computers buys Gateway)
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what is horizontal consolidation
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vertical integration
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andrew carnegie was known for
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horizonal integration he was a heartless bastard if you did not take the offer he would move in and you would be left broke.
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joohn d. rockefeller was known for
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-it contributed to the US becoming a Global Power -brought the US together with other Nations (Transportation) -made products more affordable -production of things is must faster and this allows us to get more goods -left a better and easier way of life for those struggling -better living conditions today -make our society more efficient and convenient -allowed more opportunities to arise for people (first man on the moon) -population and life expectancy increased -allows us to learn/discover more about the past
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benefits outweigh the costs in light of what we know today about industrialization
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-things were made faster -people could get places faster -could transport goods faster -brought the nation closer -brought connection between people
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benefits outweigh the costs from immediate perspective on industrialization
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-keeps people connected -makes for a more efficient lifestyle -better living conditions
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benefits do not outweigh the costs from an immediate perspective on industrialization
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-so much pollution -global warming -dying animals -destroying natural habitats
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benefits do not outweigh the costs in light of what we know today of industrialization
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Thomas Edison
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who was the inventor of the light bulb?
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Thomas Edison's team
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who was the inventor of the Central Power Plant?
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George Westinghouse
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who was the inventor of the Alternating Current?
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Alexander Graham Bell
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who was the inventor of the telephone?
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Henry Bessemer
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who was the inventor of steel?
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safer nights and longer work hours
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what did the invention of the light bulb bring to society?
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lit entire sections of cities
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what did the invention of the central power plant bring to society?
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long distance current that lit city streets, powered homes, factories and extended the hours in a work day
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what did the invention of the alternating current bring?
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its made it possible for communication to occur over long distances and this linked several cities from New England to the Mid West
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what did the invention of the telephone bring to society?
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it made it possible to invent more things such as elevators, skyscrapers and most importantly suspension bridges because steel is more flexible and lighter than iron.
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what did the invention of steel brought to the society?
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-could transport large amounts of goods quickly -linked the nation -allowed business to obtain raw materials easily easily and to sell finished goods to larger numbers of people
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what role did railroads have in transforming american industries and businesses?
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railroads enabled for many fast exports throughout the US improving the economy.
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how did industrialization link the world markets?
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farmers were not needed as much and they ended up moving to massachusetts yet there they faced higher costs of living
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how did industrialization change american society?
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people began to become concerned about the increase in production and how it may effect the environment
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how did industrialization effect the environment?
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-the number of people who shared ownership of business -they were able to operate multiple places because of the railroads -they invested in many people as to not lose money -they could risk money to make or lose a certain amount of money yet they could save a certain amount of money yet
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in what ways did corporations work to maximize profits and gain a competitive edge?
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-he was a self made businessman -he was in the railroad industry -he got his competitors to pay him to relocate because his low fares were driving them out of business
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who was cornelius vanderbilt and what did he do?
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-he was in the oil business -he made deals with railroads to increase his profits -he ultimately made deals with railroads to stop supplying for other companies to make them go out of business so he could over take them -he was very good at horizontal integration
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who was john d. rockefeller and what did he do?
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-he was in the steel industry -he was very good at vertical integration -he was able to reduce costs and charge higher prices to competitors
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who was andrew carnegie and what did he do?
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-you either got it all or nothing
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how did monopolies hurt consumers?
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-you could either gain a lot of partners or lose a lot of partners
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how did cartels hurt consumers?
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interstate commerce commission: (1887) -oversee railroad operations -first federal body to ever set up to monitor american business operations -only railroads that crossed state lines -not make a law to control the railroads transactions
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what was the first regulation that the government imposed?
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(1890) -outlawed any trust that operates in restraint of trade or commerce among the several states -decades was seldom enforced
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what was the second regulation that the government imposed?
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they would take almost any job they could lower wages to increase profits large population of work force
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why did factory owners hire immigrants?
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-12 hours -poorly lit -overheated -badly ventilated -noisy/could lose hearing -6 days a week in small, hot and dirty workhouses(sweatshops) -accidents were common
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why was factory work dangerous?
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-1/5 of children between 10 and 16 worked instead of school to help their parents with wages -not as smart -bad health conditions -injuries
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to what extent did children work in the factories? what impact do you think that had on them?
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a company town was owned by a business and was rented out housing to employers -as a result the money that the workers earned was paid back to the employer -could reinforce ethnic competition and distrust
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what was a company town and why does it benefit the company/employer?
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its negotiating as a group for higher wages or better working conditions
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what is collective bargaining?
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-they stopped workflow in factories this then forced their needs to be met in order for them to return to work
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why do you think that collective bargaining is more effective than an individual pushing for reform?
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-employers appealed frequently for court orders against unions, citing legislation like the Sherman Anti-Trust Act -federal government regularly approved the appeals
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what effect did strikes have on the labor movement?
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-transportation through railroads -internal empire -american enthusiastically embraced innovation and technology with the goals of expanding business and improving people's daily lives -grew out of the english industrial revolution -backed by business leaders and shaped by a number of inventors and scientists
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what ways did the civil war fuel industrial growth?
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they were pushed from their homeland by -political upheave -religious discrimination -crop failure
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after the civil war, a large wave of european immigrants came to the U.S , why?
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750,000
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how many immigrants were in America in 1881?
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1,000,000 per year
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how many immigrants were in America in 1905?
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it was the idea of poor/people with no money work up to having riches through. this depended on capitalism and free enterprise
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explain the "rags to riches" idea?
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-the government gave railroads builders acres of land -the had protective tariffs (made imported goods cost more money than locally made goods -the government allowed businesses to operate with minimal government regulation -strong legal system
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how did government policies encourage the success of businesses in the late 1800s?
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an industry with a few companies. an example today would be the automobile industry
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what is an oligopoly?
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an oligopoly that works together informally to set prices and output
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what is a cartel?
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a type of monopoly where corporations combine their company's factories and equipment and other assets while remaining legally separate
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what is a trust?
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the industry
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who benefits from a monopoly?
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the workers
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who suffers from a monopoly?
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there was an invention factory and his team strived to become the source of power for america using direct/alternating currents
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what did Thomas Edison establish in Melno Park, New Jersey and what did his team seek to do?
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competition to industrialize in america
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what was encouraged during the industrial era?
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steam engine, printing press, cotton gin, fin sour, plan, bike, nickel-in-slot machine, soda fountain, cash register and more
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what are some of the inventions that were made during the industrial era?
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it was an apparatus for communicating long distance through coded signals
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what was a telegraph?
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a system of management that analyzes workflow with the objective of improving labor productivity
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what is scientific management?
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-it linked the US population and commerce from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific -it was a transportation revolution
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what were some of the positives that came from railroad production?
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-they had to blast through mountain ranges -they have to lay track across broad deserts -they have to fend off native american attacks -they had to work through brutal winters
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what were some of the challenges brought with building the railroad?
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the railroads and federal government devised a funding scheme. -government gave loans out to the railroads -railroads were granted land on either side of the tracks and were frequently sold and rented out to pay money back to the government
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how was the railroad project paid for when it costed 100 million dollars?
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union and confederate veterans, AA freedman and recent immigrants, especially irish made up with construction crews Chinese Workers emerged -they blasted through mountains Irish Workers were also present -they were hired before the Chinese
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what role did the immigrants have in railroad production?
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the government raised the stakes and turned construction into a race.
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what caused the railroad to be put together at a record-breaking rate?
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-passenger cars brought settlers to western lands in record numbers -freight cars carried western agriculture and mineral wealth back east -shipments of cattle were prime example of the railroad's economic impact
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how did the railroads effect the economy?
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work paid for according to the amount produced.
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Piecework
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a government authority or licence conferring a right or title for a set period, especially the sole right to exclude others from making, using, or selling an invention.
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Patent
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the action of inventing something, typically a process or device.
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Invention
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Mass production is the production of large amounts of standardized products, including and especially on assembly lines.
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Mass Production
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a steel-making process, now largely superseded, in which carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from molten pig iron by oxidation in a blast of air in a special tilting retort
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Bessemer Process
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A transcontinental railroad is a contiguous network of railroad trackage that crosses a continental land mass with terminals at different oceans or continental borders.
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Transcontinential Railroad
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in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town
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Rural
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in, relating to, or characteristic of a city or town.
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Urban
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a state of limited competition, in which a market is shared by a small number of producers or sellers.
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Oligopoly
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a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.
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Sweatshop
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negotiation of wages and other conditions of employment by an organized body of employees.
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Collective Bargaining
