IHS 4504 final – Flashcards

When a researcher sets her alpha level at 0.05 it means

If you have a situation where as one variable increases the other tends to increase in a roughly linear relationship you have

In a distribution of scores, the score that has one half of the scores above and one half below that score is called the

On an exam there are 20 scores in the 90s, 20 in the 80s, 10 in the 70s, 2in the 60s, one in the 50s, and one in the 30s. Which is the most accurate statement (or statements) about this distribution of scores?

In a normal distribution, the percentage of scores that are within plus or minus one standard deviation of the mean is about:

Visual and auditory games study: A researcher wants to know which type of games: 1) visual games, 2) auditory games, or 3) games involving both visual and auditory engagement help the most in delaying cognitive losses in 70 to 80 year-old individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The participants in the visual stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home A; participants in the auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home B; participants in the combined visual and auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home C. At each of these nursing homes an occupational therapist will facilitate a gaming program that meets 5 times a week intended to engage participants in cognitively stimulating games. Patient's cognitive function is measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the six-month study (posttest) using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive. The outcome measure is the change in cognitive function, measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest. What is the independent variable?

Visual and auditory games study: A researcher wants to know which type of games: 1) visual games, 2) auditory games, or 3) games involving both visual and auditory engagement help the most in delaying cognitive losses in 70 to 80 year-old individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The participants in the visual stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home A; participants in the auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home B; participants in the combined visual and auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home C. At each of these nursing homes an occupational therapist will facilitate a gaming program that meets 5 times a week intended to engage participants in cognitively stimulating games. Patient's cognitive function is measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the six-month study (posttest) using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive. The outcome measure is the change in cognitive function, measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Visual and auditory games study: A researcher wants to know which type of games: 1) visual games, 2) auditory games, or 3) games involving both visual and auditory engagement help the most in delaying cognitive losses in 70 to 80 year-old individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The participants in the visual stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home A; participants in the auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home B; participants in the combined visual and auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home C. At each of these nursing homes an occupational therapist will facilitate a gaming program that meets 5 times a week intended to engage participants in cognitively stimulating games. Patient's cognitive function is measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the six-month study (posttest) using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive. The outcome measure is the change in cognitive function, measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest. What is the dependent variable?

Visual and auditory games study: A researcher wants to know which type of games: 1) visual games, 2) auditory games, or 3) games involving both visual and auditory engagement help the most in delaying cognitive losses in 70 to 80 year-old individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The participants in the visual stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home A; participants in the auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home B; participants in the combined visual and auditory stimulation group will be 30 volunteers recruited in Nursing Home C. At each of these nursing homes an occupational therapist will facilitate a gaming program that meets 5 times a week intended to engage participants in cognitively stimulating games. Patient's cognitive function is measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the six-month study (posttest) using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive. The outcome measure is the change in cognitive function, measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest. Therefore, the researcher is going to compare the mean change in cognitive function among the three groups (each group getting a different type of game). Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when comparing the means of three groups on one independent variable?

Walking and running study related to heart rate:A researcher wants to know which exercise program: 1) a fast walking program, or 2) a running program is most effective in reducing blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the target heart rate for the program is an important additional variable that needs to be considered. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Blood pressure will be measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the study (posttest). Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 3) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 4) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared among the four groups. What is(are) the independent variable(s)?

Walking and running study related to heart rate: A researcher wants to know which exercise program: 1) a fast walking program, or 2) a running program is most effective in reducing blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the target heart rate for the program is an important additional variable that needs to be considered. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Blood pressure will be measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the study (posttest). Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 3) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 4) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared among the four groups. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Walking and running study related to heart rate: A researcher wants to know which exercise program: 1) a fast walking program, or 2) a running program is most effective in reducing blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the target heart rate for the program is an important additional variable that needs to be considered. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Blood pressure will be measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the study (posttest). Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 3) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 4) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared among the four groups. What is the dependent variable?

Walking and running study related to heart rate: A researcher wants to know which exercise program: 1) a fast walking program, or 2) a running program is most effective in reducing blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the target heart rate for the program is an important additional variable that needs to be considered. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Blood pressure will be measured at the beginning of the study (pretest) and at the end of the study (posttest). Subjects will be randomly assigned to one of four groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 3) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 55-65% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 4) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 70-80% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared among the four groups. Therefore, the researcher is going to compare the mean change in diastolic blood pressure among the four groups (each group getting a different combination of exercise program and target heart rate). Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when comparing the means of four groups on two independent variables?

Occupation and Alzheimer's disease study: A researcher wants to know if occupational exposure to physical, cognitive and social engagement may affect the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. One theory is that physical, cognitive and social engagement may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The researcher picks 50 individuals with occupations that are rated high in physical, cognitive and social engagement, and then 50 individuals with occupations that are rated low in physical, cognitive and social engagement. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used as the outcome measure; used to compare cognitive function of the two groups. What is the independent variable?

Occupation and Alzheimer's disease study: A researcher wants to know if occupational exposure to physical, cognitive and social engagement may affect the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. One theory is that physical, cognitive and social engagement may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The researcher picks 50 individuals with occupations that are rated high in physical, cognitive and social engagement, and then 50 individuals with occupations that are rated low in physical, cognitive and social engagement. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used as the outcome measure; used to compare cognitive function of the two groups. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Occupation and Alzheimer's disease study: A researcher wants to know if occupational exposure to physical, cognitive and social engagement may affect the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. One theory is that physical, cognitive and social engagement may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The researcher picks 50 individuals with occupations that are rated high in physical, cognitive and social engagement, and then 50 individuals with occupations that are rated low in physical, cognitive and social engagement. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used as the outcome measure; used to compare cognitive function of the two groups. What is the dependent variable?

Occupation and Alzheimer's disease study: A researcher wants to know if occupational exposure to physical, cognitive and social engagement may affect the incidence of Alzheimer's disease. One theory is that physical, cognitive and social engagement may reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease. The researcher picks 50 individuals with occupations that are rated high in physical, cognitive and social engagement, and then 50 individuals with occupations that are rated low in physical, cognitive and social engagement. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used as the outcome measure; used to compare cognitive function of the two groups. Therefore, the researcher is going to compare the mean cognitive function of the two groups. Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when comparing the means of two groups on one independent variable?

Therapeutic horseback riding study: An occupational therapist wants to study whether a therapeutic horseback riding program conducted at a therapeutic riding center for a child with cerebral palsy would reduce the child's level of physical disability. The child is randomly selected from a pediatric neurologist's caseload. The two days of the week that the program will be run are randomly chosen. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scale is used to measure the child's level of physical disability. In order to reduce bias an occupational therapist different from the one running the therapeutic program will use the Peabody to measure the level of disability. As a form of triangulation, the child's mother will also be interviewed to gauge the level of disability following the therapeutic riding program. What is the best description of the most appropriate research design for this study? What is the independent variable that is manipulated in this study?

Therapeutic horseback riding study: An occupational therapist wants to study whether a therapeutic horseback riding program conducted at a therapeutic riding center for a child with cerebral palsy would reduce the child's level of physical disability. The child is randomly selected from a pediatric neurologist's caseload. The two days of the week that the program will be run are randomly chosen. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scale is used to measure the child's level of physical disability. In order to reduce bias an occupational therapist different from the one running the therapeutic program will use the Peabody to measure the level of disability. As a form of triangulation, the child's mother will also be interviewed to gauge the level of disability following the therapeutic riding program. What is the best description of the most appropriate research design for this study? What is the dependent variable?

Therapeutic horseback riding study: An occupational therapist wants to study whether a therapeutic horseback riding program conducted at a therapeutic riding center for a child with cerebral palsy would reduce the child's level of physical disability. The child is randomly selected from a pediatric neurologist's caseload. The two days of the week that the program will be run are randomly chosen. The Peabody Developmental Motor Scale is used to measure the child's level of physical disability. In order to reduce bias an occupational therapist different from the one running the therapeutic program will use the Peabody to measure the level of disability. As a form of triangulation, the child's mother will also be interviewed to gauge the level of disability following the therapeutic riding program. What is the best description of the most appropriate research design for this study? Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data for this study?

Aerobic dancing study: A researcher wants to know which exercise program is more effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) in 60 to 70 year-old individuals with diabetes: 1) a 20 minute aerobic dancing program or 2) a 20 minute walking program. The participants in the research project will be 60 volunteers living in a large gated retirement community. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the aerobic dancing group or the walking group. Participants will exercise for 20 minutes a day three days a week for six months. Participants will have height and weight measurements taken (in order to calculate BMI) before and after this six-month program. Changes in BMI between the two groups will be compared. What is the independent variable?

Aerobic dancing study: A researcher wants to know which exercise program is more effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) in 60 to 70 year-old individuals with diabetes: 1) a 20 minute aerobic dancing program or 2) a 20 minute walking program. The participants in the research project will be 60 volunteers living in a large gated retirement community. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the aerobic dancing group or the walking group. Participants will exercise for 20 minutes a day three days a week for six months. Participants will have height and weight measurements taken (in order to calculate BMI) before and after this six-month program. Changes in BMI between the two groups will be compared. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Aerobic dancing study: A researcher wants to know which exercise program is more effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) in 60 to 70 year-old individuals with diabetes: 1) a 20 minute aerobic dancing program or 2) a 20 minute walking program. The participants in the research project will be 60 volunteers living in a large gated retirement community. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the aerobic dancing group or the walking group. Participants will exercise for 20 minutes a day three days a week for six months. Participants will have height and weight measurements taken (in order to calculate BMI) before and after this six-month program. Changes in BMI between the two groups will be compared. What is the dependent variable?

Aerobic dancing study: A researcher wants to know which exercise program is more effective in reducing body mass index (BMI) in 60 to 70 year-old individuals with diabetes: 1) a 20 minute aerobic dancing program or 2) a 20 minute walking program. The participants in the research project will be 60 volunteers living in a large gated retirement community. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the aerobic dancing group or the walking group. Participants will exercise for 20 minutes a day three days a week for six months. Participants will have height and weight measurements taken (in order to calculate BMI) before and after this six-month program. Changes in BMI between the two groups will be compared. Therefore, the researcher is going to compare the mean changes in BMI of the two groups. Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when comparing the means of two groups on one independent variable?

Walking and running study related to the sex of the subject: A researcher wants to know how much of a difference there is between a fast walking program and a running program in terms of reducing the patients' blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the sex of the participant may make a difference in the outcome. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Subjects will be assigned to one of two groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared between the two groups. In the statistical analysis, sex (male v. female) will be added as a variable to determine whether the sex of the subject influenced the results. What is the independent variable?

Walking and running study related to the sex of the subject: A researcher wants to know how much of a difference there is between a fast walking program and a running program in terms of reducing the patients' blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the sex of the participant may make a difference in the outcome. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Subjects will be assigned to one of two groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared between the two groups. In the statistical analysis, sex (male v. female) will be added as a variable to determine whether the sex of the subject influenced the results. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Walking and running study related to the sex of the subject: A researcher wants to know how much of a difference there is between a fast walking program and a running program in terms of reducing the patients' blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the sex of the participant may make a difference in the outcome. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Subjects will be assigned to one of two groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared between the two groups. In the statistical analysis, sex (male v. female) will be added as a variable to determine whether the sex of the subject influenced the results. What is the dependent variable?

Walking and running study related to the sex of the subject: A researcher wants to know how much of a difference there is between a fast walking program and a running program in terms of reducing the patients' blood pressure. The researcher anticipates that the sex of the participant may make a difference in the outcome. The researcher will recruit 100 volunteers from a local exercise facility in a large retirement community. Subjects must be between 70 to 80 years old with hypertension, willing to follow the assigned program three days a week for one year, and with no serious heart disease or other problems that would limit participation in the exercise programs other than hypertension. Subjects will be assigned to one of two groups: 1) fast walking for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate, 2) running for 30 minutes at a pace and at an incline adequate to keep the heart rate in the range of 60-70% of the age-adjusted maximum heart rate. Subjects will be followed for 1 year and the outcome measure is the change in diastolic blood pressure (measured as the difference between the pretest and the posttest), which will be compared between the two groups. In the statistical analysis, sex (male v. female) will be added as a variable to determine whether the sex of the subject influenced the results. Therefore, the researcher is going to compare the mean change in diastolic blood pressure of the two groups while examining the influence of a covariate (sex). Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when comparing the means of two groups on one independent variable while controlling for another covariate?

Physical, cognitive and social engagement games study: A nursing home administrator wants to know if starting a daily program of games that involve physical, cognitive and social activity for its residents would help reduce the risk of dementia. All subjects who can participate will do so. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used to measure the level of dementia. What is the independent variable being manipulated here?

Physical, cognitive and social engagement games study: A nursing home administrator wants to know if starting a daily program of games that involve physical, cognitive and social activity for its residents would help reduce the risk of dementia. All subjects who can participate will do so. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used to measure the level of dementia. How many levels of the independent variable are there?

Physical, cognitive and social engagement games study: A nursing home administrator wants to know if starting a daily program of games that involve physical, cognitive and social activity for its residents would help reduce the risk of dementia. All subjects who can participate will do so. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used to measure the level of dementia. What is the dependent variable?

Physical, cognitive and social engagement games study: A nursing home administrator wants to know if starting a daily program of games that involve physical, cognitive and social activity for its residents would help reduce the risk of dementia. All subjects who can participate will do so. The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive will be used to measure the level of dementia. Therefore, the researcher is going to measure cognitive function/dementia of the one group. Which statistical procedure is best to analyze the data when describing the data (dependent variable) (I would suggest the mean and standard deviation) of the one group?