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Northwest Ordinance

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act of the U.S. Constitution that created the Northwest Territory and established to the need for centralized government.

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Alexander Hamilton

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a founding father, author of George Washington's economic policies and helped create the Articles of Confederation.

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James Madison

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statesman, fourth president and helped in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

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Shay's Rebellion

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series of protests from 1786-7 by American farmers against state and local tax collectors; most serious took place in Massachusetts.

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Virginia Plan

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proposal for a bicameral legislature by Virginia delegates; drafted by James Madison.

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Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

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an agreement made between large and small states that defined legislative structure.

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Sovereignty

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all power at all levels falled ultimately in the hands of the people.

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Separation of Powers

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"Checks and balances," separation of legislative, executive and judicial branches, but checked over each other.

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Federalists Papers

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series of essays that explained the meaning/virtues of the Constitution.

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Antifederalists

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Presented themselves as the defenders of true principals and suggested new government that would increase taxes.

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Bill of Rights

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first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution and was considered essential for new government.

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Assuming the Debt

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"taxes," government taking control of the debt, needed the support from the wealthy/powerful.

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Bank of the U.S.

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National bank of the United States to handle the country's taxes, Jefferson thought it was compatible with the new constitution.

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Federalist Party

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party that was in favor of a new government where the power lied in the hands of the people.

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Republican Party (Not to be confused with the present-day party)

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party that was against the new form of government that lied in the hands of the people, instead was for a more centralized government. (State over nat'l gov't)

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Jefferson Idyll

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Jefferson's vision that called for a nation of small independent farmers.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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Dispute where farmers in western Pennsylvania refused to pay a certain tax on whiskey.

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Alien/Sedition Acts

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series of acts that increased presidential power, placed new obstacles for foreigners become new citizens and allowed gov't to prosecute those engaged in disputation of territory.

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Virginia-Kentucky Resolution

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Nullification of states so that they can ignore federal government.

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Decline of Tobacco

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The south relied on the cultivation of tobacco for a main source of their economy; market became unstable from exhaustion of land in which it grew; had to shift to other crops.

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Short-stable Cotton

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Crop that could grow in a variety of climates; decline of tobacco led to the cultivation of this crop.

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Cotton gin

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revolutionized the cotton economy in the south by making the processing of short-stable cotton a lot quicker.

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Expansion of Slavery

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between 1820-60 the number of slaves in the south increased drastically; nearly 410,000 slaves were transplanted in the south.

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Debow's Review

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James D. B. DeBow published a magazine that advocated southern commercial and agricultural expansion and warned the dangers of a "colonial" relationship.

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Cavalier Image

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set of values by white southerners that discouraged the growth of cities and industries; visioned a more refined and gracious life rather than one of rapid growth and development.

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Cult of Honor

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Connected to ethical behavior and bravery; avenging insults were considered an important obligation of white gentlemen.

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Paternalism

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traditional, male-dominated family structure that centers around the male figure for the dominant figure in the household.

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Tasks/Gang Systems

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task system by which slaves were assigned a particular task and were obligated to do that task in the morning hours.

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House Slaves

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Household servants that had a much easier physical life than others; lived close to the master and his family.

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Urban slaves

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lived in cities and gained opportunities to mingle with free blacks and whites; performed unskilled jobs in the cities and towns in which they lived.

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Segregation and tightened restrictions

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some slaves were set free by master, but state laws governing slaves became rigid and less in their favor.

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Gabriel Prosser

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An enslaved blacksmith who gathered 1,000 rebelling slaves outside of Richmond, V.A.; 2 slaves gave plot away getting Virginia militia involved before it even began.

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Nat Turner

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slave preacher who gathered armed slaves from house to house and killed nearly 60 white men, women and children.

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Kinship

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slaves were broken apart from their families; those w/out relatives were lost and slaves often integrated into families.

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Slave religion

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slaves were often Christians; Christianity fit their situations; everything in the bible linked to freedom, something that they wanted.

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Slave marriages

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Patriarchal society with male dominance and women taking care of household duties and children; marriage promoted stability amongst the slaves.

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Kinship Networks

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Increase of entire families and acknowledgment of extended families

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Sectionalism

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Loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of a country rather than the country as a whole; different economies, social structures and customs were introduced to the south and north of the U.S.

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Wilmot Proviso

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major event leading to the American Civil War; would have banned slavery in any territory acquired by Mexico; first introduced in U.S. to resolve Mex-Amer. War

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Compromise of 1850

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package of 5 bills passed in the U.S. to diffuse a 4-year confrontation b/t the slave states slave states and free states regarding the status of territories acquired during Mex-Amer. War.

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Stephen A. Douglas

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politician from Illinois that designed the Kansas-Nebraska Act; believed in principle of popular sovereignty; endorsed the Dred-Scott decision.

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Kansas-Nebraska Act

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created the separate territories of Kansas and Nebraska opening new land for settlement; allowed white male settlers to determine slave status of those territories.

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John Brown

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abolitionist who considered himself as an instrument from God to destroy slavery; gathered 6 followers and murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers.

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Pottawatomie Massacre

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gathered 6 followers and murdered 5 pro-slavery settlers in May of 1856; led to the Bleeding of Kansas that occurred from the Maryland Compromise.

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Free-soil Ideology

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anti-slavery members that consisted of white northerners who sought to fight the spread of slavery.

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Pro-slavery Argument

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group of apologists that summarized their views into an anthology; claimed that slavery was good for the southern society.

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Dred Scott Decision

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a slave was taken to a free state, the owner was killed, Dred Scott sued widow, receives freedom, owner's brother claimed him, ruling reserved, fed. court said the slave was property so he didn't have a right to sue.

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Abraham Lincoln

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disagreed with sectionalism and didn't want slavery to spread past the south; to the south, his election was seen as the "final straw."

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John Brown Raid

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led a small army of 18 men into the town of Harpers Ferry, V.A. to instigate a major slave rebellion in the south; deepened divide between the north/south creating a sense of fear for the south.

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Election of 1860

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Abraham Lincoln was elected and his disapproval of slavery became the "final straw" for the southern states; made south feel the need to succeed.

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Disunion

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"Compromise is no longer possible." exhausted all options when the states began to succeed.

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Crittenden Compromise

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compromised forces gathered behind a proposal-submitted by John C. Crittenden consisting of several constitutional amendments that would have guaranteed permanent existence of slavery in southern states.

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Fort Sumter

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In South Carolina, Union forces ran out of supplies and Lincoln believed that if he surrendered, his commitment to maintaining the Union would no longer be credible.

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Border States

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Slavery did not succeed in these states, but were not part of the slave-free union states.

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Union Advantages

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Permitting the expedition of land by transportation in the form of trains that help with war effort by transporting supplies and troops to battle quicker.

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Southern Advantages

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locally supported and familiar with territory; they had long lines of communication and clusters of hostile local populations.

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Draft Riots

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New York protesters who protested the draft of 1863 and in response, created the Division Amongst Northerners

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Election of 1864

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Lincoln was nearly defeated, but won; No confederate states participated, making the north deny pre-existing opinions.

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Confiscation Acts

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permitted court proceedings for confiscation of any "property" (AKA: Slaves) being used to support confederate independence effort.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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was signed by Abraham Lincoln on January 1 of 1863 and freed all slaves in confederate territory.

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Black Enlistment

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black males rapidly began to enlist in Union armies after the Emancipation Proclamation.

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Plains Indians

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most widespread Native American group in the west; very diverse group of tribes and language groups.

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The Buffalo

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metaphorical magnet that gathered hunters and guided routes; provided the economic basis for the plains Indians.

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Little Bighorn

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area in southern Montana that in 1876 where George A. Custer and 264 members were surprised by tribal warriors who managed to kill every man.

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Wounded Knee

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December 29, 1890. Was the last battle of the Amer-Indian War; A scuffle over black coyote's rifle led to the killing of 150 men, women and children.

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Assimilation

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Dawes Severality Act of 1887 provided for gradual elimination of tribal ownership of land and the allotment of track to individual owners.

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Guerrilla Warfare

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William C. Quantrill became captain in the confederate army after organizing a group of fighters.

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