Human Growth and Development test #1 – Flashcards

Developmental science is a field of study devoted to

The field of developmental science is considered to be __________ because investigators often are interested in the practical implications of their research

Developmental science is ___________ because it has grown through the combined efforts of people from many fields of study

Theories are vital tools for developmental researchers because they

The ___________ view of development holds that infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do

Within the ________________ view of development, new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at specific times.

Dr. Kostel believes that development takes place in stages. This belief is consistent with the _________ perspective

Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in ______________ that shape development

Jackson, a professional baseball player, is convinced that his two sons will both be outstanding athletes. Jackson probably believes that athletic ability is mostly determined by

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive care giving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of ____________ in development

Theorists who point to early experiences as establishing a lifelong pattern of behavior emphasize

Theorists who believe that change is possible and even likely if new experiences support it emphasize

The increase in the number of healthier, more active older adults suggests that human development is a

Max, age 65, learned to play the piano at a local senior center. Max demonstrates that

In the lifespan perspective, every age period of human development

The lifespan perspective on development assumes that

Which of the following is an assumption of the lifespan perspective?

Which of the following is an example of an age-graded influence?

Although Betty grew up in a rundown neighborhood, had divorced parents, and rarely saw her father, she is a successful, happy, and healthy adult. Betty's ability to adapt effectively in the face of threats to development is known as

Which of the following is a personal characteristic that could offer protection from the damaging effects of early stressful life events?

Research on resilience shows that

History-graded influences explain why ___________ tend to be alike in ways that set them apart from people born at other times

Which of the following is an example of a nonnormative influence?

The increasing role of ______________ in the life course adds to the fluid nature of lifespan development

As a generation, baby boomers are

Research on the baby boomers showed that starting in the mid-sixties,

Today, __________ are the largest generation ever to enter middle age.

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasized ______________ and _______________.

Charles Darwin's theories led other researchers to study all aspects of children's behavior and, therefore, Darwin is considered the forefather of

G. Stanley Hall regarded development as a _____________ process.

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

_____________ was among the first to make knowledge about child development meaningful to parents by writing childrearing books

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was originally constructed to

According to Sigmund Freud, the

In contrast to Sigmund Freud, Erik Erikson

Behaviorism focuses on

In classical conditioning,

Baby Max begins to cry as soon as he sees his mother pick up her car keys. Max probably does this because he learned to associate the car keys with his mother leaving. This example demonstrates

In a historic experiment with 11-month-old Albert, John Watson demonstrated that

According to _______ theory, the frequency of a behavior can be increased by following it with a wide variety of reinforcers.

Garrett hits a playmate in the same way that he has been punished at home. This is an example of

According to ___________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.

According to social learning theory, as children grow older they

Behavior modification eliminates undesirable behaviors by

Albert Bandura is unique among behaviorists because he

According to Jean Piaget, ___________ is the balance between internal structures and information that children encounter in their everyday worlds.

Research on Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory indicates that

The information-processing approach views the mind as a

Lillian uses flowcharts to map the precise steps individuals use to solve problems and complete tasks. Lillian is

Which of the following questions would an information-processing theorist ask?

A major weakness of the information-processing perspective is that it

__________ brings together researchers from psychology, biology, neuroscience, and medicine to study the relationship between changes in the brain and the developing person's cognitive processing and behavior patterns.

__________ is concerned with the adaptive value of behavior and its evolutionary history. A) Ethology

Dr. Marx believes that early childhood is a sensitive period for language development. Dr. Marx's belief is consistent with

A(n) _________ period is a time that is optimal for certain capacities to emerge.

John Bowlby argued that

Dr. Symington studies male-to-male aggression in animals and humans. Dr. Symington probably focuses on

Lev Vygotsky's theory focuses on

_______________ theory views the child as developing within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the environment.

Because a child's biologically influenced dispositions join with environmental forces to mold development, Urie Bronfenbrenner characterized his perspective as a(n) ______________ model.

Bronfenbrenner's macrosystem consists of

Toby moved with his family just before he entered grade 4. In ecological systems theory, the move represents a change in Toby's

Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory, information processing, and Vygotsky's sociocultural theory all stress

Dr. George predicted that positive reinforcement would increase prosocial behavior in preschoolers. Dr. George's prediction is an example of a

Dr. Wiren observes children's responses to bullying by watching them play in a park. This is an example of a(n)

A major limitation of systematic observation is that it

Jessica asked each of 21 children in a kindergarten classroom to explain where rain comes from. She asked the same set of follow-up questions to each participant. This is an example of a

A __________ interview is more efficient than a _________ interview because researchers can obtain written responses from an entire group simultaneously.

____________ interviews do not yield the same depth of information as ___________ interviews.

One major limitation of the clinical, or case study, method is

The __________ method yields richly detailed case narratives that offer valuable insights into the many factors influencing development.

Ethnographic research is directed toward understanding a culture through _____________ observation.

The ethnographic method assumes that ______________ will allow researchers to understand beliefs and behaviors.

Jade spent two years in a Mexican-American community studying communication between parents and children. Jade is using the ___________ research method.

One limitation of the ethnographic method is

Compared to their agemates, adolescents from immigrant families are

Which of the following is supported by research on immigrant children in the United States?

Professor Pedagogy's research shows that participation in extracurricular activities is correlated with grades in school. Based on this study's findings, what can Professor Pedagogy conclude?

A(n) _______________ is a number that describes how two measures are associated with each other.

Dr. Anodyne found a correlation of +.49 between illegal drug use and levels of adolescent delinquency. This correlation is

Two main types of designs used in all research on human behavior are _____________ and ____________.

A(n) _______________ design permits inferences about cause and effect.

The ______________ variable is the one the investigator expects to cause changes in another variable.

A dependent variable is the

In an experiment on the effects of music versus acting lessons on intelligence, the independent variable would be

Cause-and-effect inferences can be made in an experimental design because

In an experiment examining whether phonics instruction in preschool increases a child's reading level in third grade, the dependent variable would be the

Random assignment

Professor Martinez wants to know if children who receive one-on-one instruction at school feel more self-confident than children who receive group instruction. To identify a causal relationship between type of instruction and self-confidence, Professor Martinez should

In ________ experiments, investigators capitalize on opportunities to assign participants randomly to treatment conditions in natural settings

In a __________ design, investigators study the same group of participants repeatedly at different ages.

A major strength of the longitudinal design is that researchers can

To examine whether depression is stable or changes with age, Dr. Bleu followed a group of children from age 8 to age 40

Longitudinal research can identify common patterns as well as individual differences in behavior because the investigator

One limitation of longitudinal research is that participants' performance may improve as a result of

In a longitudinal study, __________ effects occur when individuals born in the same time period are influenced by a

In a __________ design, the investigator studies groups of participants differing in age at the same point in time.

Professor Gimbly wants to investigate how children of different ages characterize their friendships. Professor Gimbly should use a ______________ research design.

The cross-sectional design is an efficient strategy for describing

A major disadvantage of cross-sectional research is that

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by

To overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, investigators sometimes use

Research that combines ____________ and ______________ designs is increasingly common because it permits correlational and causal inferences.

________________ weigh the costs of the research to participants in terms of risks versus benefits.

The ethical principle of _______________ requires special interpretation when participants cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.

In ____________, the investigator provides a full account and justification of the activities after the research session is over.

One limitation of debriefing is

Ethical standards permit deception in research studies if