question

Nervous System

answer

Master Controlling and communicating system of the body, cells communicate via electrical and chemical signals, rapid and specific, usually cause almost immediate responses.

question

Nervous system functions

answer

Sensory input, Integration (brain), and motor output

question

Central Nervous System

answer

Brain and Spinal cord, Integrative and control centers.

question

Peripheral nervous system

answer

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves, communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body. (broken down into 2 divisions, afferent and efferent)

question

Sensory (afferent) division

answer

somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS

question

Motor (efferent) division

answer

motor nerve fibers, conducts impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands) split up into two systems, somatic and autonomic

question

somatic nervous system

answer

somatic motor (voluntary), conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

question

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

answer

Visceral motor (involuntary) conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands ( split in two divisions sympathetic and parasympathetic)

question

Sympathetic Division

answer

mobilizes body systems during activity

question

Parasympathetic Division

answer

Conserves energy, promotes house keeping functions during rest

question

Histology of nervous tissue

answer

Highly cellular; little extracellular space, tightly packed (Two cell types Neuroglia and Neurons)

question

Neuroglia

answer

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons

question

Neurons

answer

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals, structural units of the nervous system, large highly specialized cells that conduct impulses, extreme longevity 100+ years, amiotic with few exceptions, high metabolic rate and requires continuous supply of oxygen and glucose, all have cell body and one or more processes

question

Astrocytes

answer

The most abundant CNS neuroglia, functions include support and brace neurons, play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons, guide migration of young neurons, control chemical environment around neurons, respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters, influence neuronal functioning (participate in information processing in brain)

question

Microglial cells

answer

Defensive cells in the CNS, migrate toward injured neurons, can transform into phagocytize microorganisms and neuronal debris

question

Ependymal cells

answer

Line cerebrospinal fluid filled cavities, may be cilitated, cilia beat to circulate CSF, line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column, form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cells

question

Oligodendrocyte

answer

have processes that form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

question

Satellite cells (Schwann cells)

answer

Form Myelin and surround neurons in the PNS, surround all peripheral nerve fibers and form myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers, similar function as oligodendrocytes, vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers

question

Multipolar neurons

answer

Most abundant in body. Major neuron type in CNS.Most multipolar neurons are interneurons that conduct impluses winthin the CNS, integrating sensory input or motor output. May be one chain of CNS neurons, or a single neuron connecting sensory and motor neurons. Some multipolar neurons are motor neurons that conduct impulses along efferent pathways from CNS to an effector (muscle/gland) Ex. Purkinje cell of the cerebellum and pyramidal cell.

question

Bipolar neurons

answer

Rare. Found in some special sensory organs (olfactory mucosa, eye, ear) Essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons that are located in some special sense organs. For example bipolar cells of the retina are involved in transmitting visual inputs from the eye to the brain via an intermediate chain of neurons. Ex. olfactory cell and retinal cell.

question

Unipolar neurons

answer

Found mainly in the PNS. Common only in dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord and sensory ganglia of cranial nerves. Most unipolar neurons are sensory neurons that conduct impulses along the afferent pathways to the CNS for interpretation (These sensory neurons are called primary or first-order sensory neurons) Ex. Dorsal root ganglion cell.

question

Graded potentials

answer

Incoming signals operating over short distances. Short-lived localized changes in membrane potential. Magnitude varies with stimulus strength. The stronger the stimulus the more voltage changes and the farther the current flows. Either depolarization or hyperpolarization. Triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels. Current flows but dissipates quickly and decays. Are always over short distances.

question

Action potentials

answer

Principal way neurons send signals. Principal means of long-distance neural communication. Occur only in muscle cells and axons of neurons. Brief reversal of membrane potential with a change in voltage of 100 mv. Do Not decay over distance like graded potentials

question

Hyperpolarization

answer

when K+ ion channels open and many K+ rush out and the cell becomes more negative inside than it is at its resting potential

question

Refractory period

answer

the time following an action potential during which a new action potential cannot be initiated

question

Ventricles of the brain

answer

filled with cerebrospinal fluid, lined by ependymal cells and connected to one another and to the central canal of spinal cord

question

Lateral ventricles

answer

paired; one deep within each cerebral hemisphere; large C-shaped chambers that reflect the pattern of cerebral growth; each ventricle communicates with third ventricle

question

Third ventricle

answer

The midline ventricle that conducts cerebrospinal fluid from the lateral ventricles to the fourth ventricle. In diencephalon

question

Fourth ventricle

answer

The passageway within the pons that receives cerebrospinal fluid from the third ventricle and releases it to surround the brain and spinal cord. In hindbrain

question

Septum pellucidum

answer

anteriorly separates lateral ventricles in cerebral hemispheres

question

lateral aperture

answer

Holes in 4th ventricle that allowes CSF to pass through. Also called Foramina of Lushke

question

median aperture

answer

A pore in the wall of the 4th ventricle which CSF escapes out of and is led into the subarachnoid space.

question

thalamus

answer

the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

question

basal nuclei

answer

Influence muscle movement, role in cognition and emotion, regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements, filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses, and inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements

question

broca's area

answer

controls language expression-an areaa of the frontal, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech

question

hypothalamus

answer

a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion

question

limbic system

answer

a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

question

reticular formation

answer

A network of nerve fibers located in the center of the medulla that helps regulate attention, arousal, and sleep; also called the reticular activating system

question

medulla oblongata

answer

contains centers that control several visceral functions, including breathing, heart and blood vessel activity, swallowing, vomiting, and digestion.

question

pons

answer

part of the brain involved in sleep regulation also connects a cerebellum to the cerebral cortex; sleep and wake cycles

question

gyrus

answer

ridge

question

sulcus

answer

shallow groove

question

fissure

answer

deep groove

question

epidural space

answer

cushion of fat and network of veins in space between vertebrae and spinal dura mater

question

Dorsal horns

answer

inter neurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input

question

Ventral horns

answer

some inter neurons; somatic motor neurons axons exit cord via ventral roots

question

Lateral horns

answer

(only in thoracic and superior lumbar regions) sympathetic neurons

question

Dorsal roots

answer

sensory input to cord

question

Dorsal root ganglia

answer

cell bodies of sensory neurons

Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 11 Pearson – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards