Honors Genetics Chapter 21 – Flashcards
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What are the steps in the shotgun approach to whole-genome sequencing?
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1) Multiple copies of the same chromosome are prepared. 2) Chromosome copies are broken into 1-kb fragments. 3) 1-kb fragments are cloned into plasmids. 4) The plasmids are sequenced. 5) A computer combines the fragment sequences.
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True or False: The study of orthologs would be useful to determine the function of a specific gene in a species.
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True. Because orthologs are descended from a common ancestral gene, they tend to have the same function in different species. If the function of a gene in one species were known, then its ortholog in a different species would most likely have that same function.
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Which program in the Human Genome Project was designed to ensure that personal genetic information would not be used in discriminatory ways?
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ELSI. The Ethical, Legal, and Social Implication program was put into place to study social implications arising from the Human Genome Project.
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metabolomics
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the analysis of proteins and enzymatic pathways involved in cell metabolism
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proteomics
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the analysis of all the proteins in a cell or tissue
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glycomics
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the analysis of the carbohydrates of a cell or tissue
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toxicogenomics
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the analysis of the effects of toxic chemicals on genes, including mutations created by toxins and changes in gene expression caused by toxins
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metagenomics
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the analysis of genomes of organisms collected from the environment
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pharmacogenomics
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the development of customized medicine based on a person's genetic profile for a particular condition
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transcriptomics
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the analysis all expressed genes in a cell or tissue
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True or False: The number of genes in eukaryotic genomes is not necessarily correlated with the amount of DNA in the genome.
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True. Eukaryotic genomes contain both coding and noncoding sequences. Consequently, most eukaryotic genomes contain more DNA than would be predicted by the number of genes.
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What is a homology search?
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A homology search could compare ORF sequences with sequences in the sequence databases. Homologies (similarities) between sequences suggest that the sequences may be related due to a shared ancestry.
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Open reading frames (ORFs)
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Sequences of triplet nucleotides within protein-coding genes that, after transcription and mRNA splicing, are translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
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Approximately how many genes are in the human genome?
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20,000 genes
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Describe DNA microarrary analysis.
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-They are used to study the transcriptome. -They are used to compare gene expression patterns between normal and diseased tissues. -The intensity of spot fluorescence indicates the relative level of expression.
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Which one of the following are not hallmarks used to identify genes in an unknown prokaryotic sequence?
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5' and 3' intron splice sites
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Which one of the following are not hallmarks used to identify genes in an unknown eukaryotic sequence?
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operator sequences
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What are pseudogenes, and how are they produced?
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Pseudogenes are nonfunctional versions of genes that resemble gene sequences but contain significant nucleotide changes, which prevent their expression. They are formed by gene duplication and subsequent mutation.
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How do high-throughput techniques such as computer-automated and next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry facilitate research in genomics and proteomics?
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by allowing rapid analyses and deployment of genomic information
