Holt Sociology Chapter 4
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social structure
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the network of interrelated statuses and roles that guide human interactions
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status
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a socially defined position in a group or in society
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role
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the behavior-the rights and obligations-expect of someone to occupy a particular status
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ascribed status
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is assigned according to qualities according beyond a persons control
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achieved status
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achieved through people's own direct efforts
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master status
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the status that plays the greatest role in shaping a person's life and determines his or her social identity
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reciprocal roles
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corresponding roles that define the patterns of interrelation between related statuses
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role expectations
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socially determined behaviors expected of a person performing a role
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role performance
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the actual role behavior
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role set
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the different roles attached to a single status
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role conflict
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occurs when fulfilling the role expectations of one status make it difficult to fulfill the role expectations of another status
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role strain
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occurs when a person had difficultly meeting the role expectations of a single status
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social institution
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when statuses and roles are organized to satisfy one or more basic needs of society
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exchange
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when people interact in an effort to receive a reward or return for their actions
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reciprocity
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the idea that if you do something for someone, that person owes you something in return
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exchange theory
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the volume of exchange in daily interactions- People are motivated by self interest in their interactions with other people.
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competition
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occurs when two or more people or groups oppose each other to achieve a goal that only one can attain
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conflict
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deliberate attempt to harm another person, control a person by force, or oppose someone
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cooperation
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when two or more people or groups work together to achieve a goal that will benefit more than one person
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accommodation
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a state of balance between cooperation and conflict
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group
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a set of people who interact on the basis of shared expectations and who posses some degree of common identity
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subsistence strategies
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decisions and actions that best affect the food resource and raw material supply in a society
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pre-industrial society
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Type of society in which food production is carried out through the use of human and animal labor. is the main economic activity
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hunter-gatherer society
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the daily collection of wild plants and hunting wild animals
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pastoral society
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rely on domesticated herd animals to meet their food needs
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division of labor
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the process of dividing work into specialized jobs that are performed by separate individuals
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horticultural society
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have a level of technology and complexity similar to a pastoral society. some use slash-and-burn. they clear a new plot of land and farm
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agricultural society
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animals are used to plow the fields
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barter
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the exchange of a good or a service
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industrial society
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emphasis shifts from the production of food to the production of manufactured goods
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urbanization
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the concentration of the population in cities
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post-industrial society
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much of the economy is involved in providing information and services
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mechanical solidarity
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(Durkhiem) when people share the same values, and preform the same tasks. they become united in a common whole
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organic solidarity
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impersonal social relationships that arise with increased jobs specialization when they need others for their needs. so they have a relationship based on needs rather than values
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aggregate
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when people gather in the same place at the same time but lack organization or lasting patterns of interaction
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dyad
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a group with two members
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triad
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a group with three members
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bureaucracy
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ranked authority, structure that operates according to specific rules and procedures
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rationality
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subjecting every feature of human behavior to calculation, measurement, and control
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iron law of oligarchy
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tendency of organizations to become increasingly dominated by small groups of people
