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sound organized in time

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Music

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-rhythm -melody -harmony -timbre -texture -loudness -form -lyrics

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Fundamental Elements of Music

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-when and how music occurs through time -typically managed by accompaniment instruments such as keyboards, guitar, bass, and drums

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Rhythm

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the mathematical arrangement of beats into a coherent, and repeating structure, the units of music delineating the repetition of a metric scheme are called measures or "bars", the vast majority of rock is in meters arranged in groups of 2 or 4

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Meter

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addresses how the space between individual beats is divided

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Subdivision

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dividing the beat into 3, usually still in meters of 2 or 4

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Triple subdivision

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a time-feel where the beat is divided in 2, but with the 2 parts being unequal lengths (long-short), can be in triple time, but it is not necessarily

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Swing

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a high-pitched sound on the opposite side of the metric hierarchy

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Backbeat

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lit. "sounds in sequence", but specifically pitches in sequence (linear in Time), often handled by the primary melodic voice or instrument(s)-led vocals, saxophone, guitar, brass, strings, etc., the part you would hum or sing!

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Melody

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lit. "sounds together", but more specifically, pitches sounding together (vertical through Time), the chordal underpinnings that the melody either implies or is based upon, often performed by accompaniment instruments

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Harmony

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the unique tone quality (sound) of each musical instrument (including voice), combinations of this play a fundamental role in the sound and texture of the music

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Timbre

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the relationship between musical lines, thin vs thick, much rock is built around 1+ melodic lines and 1+ accompaniment lines

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Texture

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the level or change in level of volume in a piece of music, aka "dynamics", can be closely related to instrumentation

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Loudness

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the ordering of events in a piece of music, often built around concepts of repetition

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Form

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determine the topic/theme of the song, huge variety of topics, generally ancillary to the categorization of the song as "rock" or not, often the aspect of the music most lauded or else the cause of the most controversy

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Lyrics

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first amplified acoustic, then electric. In bands with 2 guitar players, one would primarily play Lead (improvising melodic lines), the other would play rhythm (rhythmic strumming patterns, etc)

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Guitar

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originally used in jazz, blues, and R&B, they provided additional melodic option alternative to voice and keyboards, both types of this instrument doubled melody lines or played countermelodies

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Saxophones

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originally acoustic upright, later solid-body

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Bass

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originally piano, later technological developments allow players to utilize a huge variety of electric instruments

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Keyboards

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developed in the early 1900s as an integral part of New Orleans jazz, later used prominently blues and R&B. Early rock kits were small and styled after Jazz kits.

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Drums

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a progression from popular song styles of the 1940s, often featuring slow or moderate tempos, thick textures (orchestral backing), and innocent, non-threatening lyrical themes, produced for middle and upper class white audience

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Pop (1950s style)

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smaller and regionally more well-defined than pop. Marketed to poorer, rural white audiences in the Midwest, South and Southwest, prominent instruments include violin, and steel guitar and as a general trend did NOT include drums until the mid 1950s, based around Nashville (Grand Ole Opry)

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C&W (Country and Western)

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-a style developing out of jazz, blues, gospel, and other Black music styles (Boogie-Woogie, piano, use of saxophones, etc) -marketed specifically to urban and rural black audiences ("race records") -some lyrical topics significantly more controversial and explicit than in other styles (sex, racial oppression, etc) -market regionally based, but typically in areas where jazz and blues also flourished

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R&B (Rhythm and Blues)

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-songs remained steadfastly in their specific markets, except in rare cases where a record from one genre might become hit on another chart, largely due to its similarities -most often, R&B songs cross over to Pop charts, purchased by white teenage audience (perhaps looking to rebel against their parents' musical taste)

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The Crossover

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-noticing the crossover phenomenon, record companies would rush to release re-recordings of crossover hits using that market's own record labels, artists and distribution infrastructure. In many cases, this versions perform better than the original -common criticism that many of these promote and condone blatant, industry-wide racism-White pop artists covering Black R&B songs -makes no difference to the songwriters and publishers who owns the songs, they profit from the royalties in any case

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The Cover

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-under the influence of the increasing "cross over" and cover sales, this emerges as its own distinct style, a synthesis of R&B and C&W with aspects of pop -the dev. adolescent population, now possessed of its own disposable income -development of youth culture -embraced the new style of music with slang, clothes, cars etc

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Emergence of R&R

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-marketed to Jackie Brenston& His Delta Cats -really made by Ike Turner -recorded by Sam Phillips on Chess Records (R&B record in Chicago) -some considered to be the first R&R song -only an R&B hit -tempo-fast

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Rocket 88

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-began as a country swing band, but changed formats and names after covering "Rocket 88" -decided that success lay in the new rock genre -released first hit in 1953 -first rock artist

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Bill Haley and His Comets

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-born in Tupelo, MS -position as a poor white in the South-exposed him to a wide variety of influences-R&G, gospel, C&W, bluegrass, pop and others -first recording began in Memphis (Sam Phillips) Sun Records

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Elvis Presley

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-emerging out of a variety of standard blues forms in the early 20th century by the 1920s -became the standard progression in blues, boogie-woogie in the 1930s, R&B in the 30s and 40s, and much of the upbeat (faster tempo) rock of the 1950s

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12-Bar Blues

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-born in Macon, GA -learned his piano style playing in the gospel tradition -vocal style emphasized shouting and high falsetto more than traditional singing styles -lyrics contain many sexual references and his flashy, unrestrained and suggestive stage moves court disapproval

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Little Richard

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-talented pianist and songwriter from New Orleans -had several R&B crossover successes -less flamboyant and more refined vocal and piano style, more reserved as a performer -sensibilities enamored him to the white audience allowing him regular success throughout the 1950s

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Fats Domino

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-born in St. Louis, firmly brought up in the R&B tradition despite Midwestern roots -guitar style did more to influence the adoption of the electric guitar as the central instrument of rock -vocal style clearer than most blues singers -lyrics typically convey some narrative-more substantive than typical rock lyrics

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Chuck Berry

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-born in Ferriday, LA -significantly influenced by R&B, gospel -career marred by marital scandal, drugs, alcohol and other lifestyle vices-his Rock and Roll lifestyle would prove influential to others

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Jerry Lee Lewis

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-born and raised in Lubbock, TX -almost exclusively influenced by C&W -set the standard rock band instrumentation of 2 guitars, bass and drums -first rock star of the 1950s to have significant success writing their own material-no longer reliant on covers and crossover appeal -utilized the recording studio as a tool-experimented with multi-tracking

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Buddy Holly and the Crickets

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-prototypical forms created by Bill Haley and Elvis-mainstream rock with more C&W elements -acoustic guitar and standup bass prominent, many groups did not use drums until later -style also coalesced around certain aspects of JLL and Buddy Holly's music -first rock style

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Rockabilly

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-recorded "Blue Suede Shoes" for Sun Records in 1956 -influential guitar player, injured in an auto accident with his brother -popularity diminished by Elvis' cover of "Blue Suede Shoes"

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Carl Perkins

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-close harmony/duet -parents were both C&W artists -music featured simple arrangements with intricate dual vocal harmonies

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Everly Brothers

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-born in 1932 in Arkansas -primarily known now as a C&W artist but had several early hits that were more rock oriented while recording with Sun Records and later Columbia

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Johnny Cash

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-born in Oklahoma -convinced by Elvis to join Rockabilly join and tours -primary chart success with "Let's Have a Party" in 1960

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Wanda Jackson

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-born in GA -began recording at the age of 12-recording with Decca -"Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree" -later transitioned to a C&W and Pop having greater success in those markets

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Brenda Lee

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-early use of distorted guitar sounds and a distinctive rhythm guitar pattern-highly influential to guitar players despite never achieving great chart success

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Bo Diddley

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-songs in the prevailing musical style but whose lyrical content is so campy or ridiculous they catch on in popularity

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Novelty Songs

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music that is passed on from generation to generation usually orally/aurally

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Folk Music

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-early popular group of folk singers and songwriters active in the 1940s. Reorganized as the Weavers after the exit of Woody Guthrie. Blacklisted during the McCarthy Era due to their outspoken far-left political and social stance -Woody Guthrie-a member, composer of over 1,000 in the folk style

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Almanac Singers

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one of a number of folk music styles from Caribbean (Trinidad in this case), but one which made a significant impact in the mid 1950s primarily due to Harry Belefonte (spent significant time in Jamaica)

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Calypso

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-trio of folk singers/instrumentalists from Stanford, CA -represent the sort of urban folk revival, music created by young, well-educated, urban/suburban college

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Kingston Trio

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folk trio from NYC, a central act in the Greenwich village folk scene -bridged the chasm between traditionalists and folk artists by combining political

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Peter, Paul and Mary

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-songs with no significant lyrical content -often showcased artist/band instrument talent -allowed players to focus on developing new and influential sounds and tones since there were no vocals to accompany

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Instrumentals

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-a style of music centered in Southern California that was in direct competition with the prevailing Rock styles from the East Coast -style to a direct opposition to Folk Style

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Surf Music

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-influential guitar player and surf lifestyle enthusiast- self described "King of the Surf Guitar" -innovations in both guitar tone (heavy echo and reverb) and amplifier design (to increase volume-create a physical response) -fast double-picking

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Dick Dale

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-sound influenced by Chuck Berry, the vocal harmonies of white vocal groups and Doo-Wop -Brian Wilson (bass) assumes control of band's vision acting as both primary songwriter and producer

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Beach Boys

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-name taken from a muddy waters song -pivotal group in the British blues revival -much more influenced by Black R&B than the mainstream rock of the 1950s that influenced the Beatles

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Rolling Stones

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-a more louder, more raw style of Rock based on R&B, blues and rockabilly -emphasis on re-creating raw sound of originals, rather than smoother cover version -trend initiated by John Mayall's Bluesbreaker on authentic style Blues band

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British Blues Revival

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music form pioneered by Lonnie Donegan combining American folk and Big Band styles with a very unpolished, DIY sound

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Skiffle

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-from Liverpool, working class backgrounds -originally formed by John and Paul as skiffle group, The Quarrymen -finalized lineup with 2 guitars, bass, drums-taken from Buddy Holly and the Crickets

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The Beatles

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-originally from MN, moved to NYC in 1961 -primarily influenced by Woody Guthrie, integrated into the NYC folk scene (Greenwich village) -able to bridge the gap between the "Folkies" and the "Rockers" to make socially conscious music that appealed to the musical masses -noted for his rough, untrained singing ("Talking-Blues" style), simple guitar/harmonica accomp.

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Bob Dylan

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-NYC based duo, Paul Simon's remarkable songwriting coupled with Art Garfunkel's immaculate harmonies. Failure and then success of versions of "Sound of Silence" perfectly illustrate Folk Rock sound

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Simon and Garfunkel

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-grows out of desire of 1960s youth to experiment with different lifestyles-complete open rebellion against dominant cultural institutions including business, government, religion and education -increased social awareness-civil rights movement, Vietnam war protest, sexual revolution etc

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Psychedelia

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-developed independently in scenes centered around San Francisco and London -bands draw from variety of typical and exotic musical influences-Blues, folk, but also jazz, Avant-Garde, Classical and music from the Middle East and India

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Psychedelic Music (Acid Rock)

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-born in Seattle -began career as a backup guitar player for famous artists such as LR, Ike Turner, Wilson Pickett, Jackie Wilson and others -breakout performance at Monterey Pop festival in 1967

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Jimi Hendrix

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-first major outdoor rock festival-audience 60,000 -height of psychedelic music in US -June 18-18, 1967

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Monterey Pop Festival

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-August 15-17, 1969 in upstate NY -audience est 50,000

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Woodstock Music and Art Fair

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person who crafts the vision, what one is trying to sell, vision

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Producer

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pushes the buttons and makes it happen

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Engineer

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counterculture era rock concert held on December 6 1969 in northern california

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Altamont

History of Rock and Roll

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