History of Jazz Exam 2 – Flashcards
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front line
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Trumpet: main melody Clarinet: harmonic/melodic embellishment Trombone: bass line in "tailgate" style (lots of slides)
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rhythm section
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Bass instrument: tuba or double bass or bass sax, or left hand of the piano Chording instrument: piano, banjo, or guitar - mostly flat four style Drums: beat was kept on snare drum ; Wood blocks were used in recordings
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collective improvisation
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Several musicians play improvised music at the same time (polyphonic texture)
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Storyville
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red-light district in New Orleans
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Migration to Chicago
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musicians traveled to chicago where there was work, leads to speakeasys and the jazz ago
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recording
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used a wax cylinder that picked up sound waves using a needle
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stride piano
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jazz piano style with ragtime roots (mm-bop left hand and crazy right hand)
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Harlem rent party
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tenents of over-priced slum apartments would throw parties before the rent was due to earn money for rent; usually a stride pianist would play
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Boogie-Woogie
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a pre-modern jazz piano style ; repetitive left hand bass that uses eight sixteenth note patterns
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Scat Singing
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using syllables instead of words to improvise singing
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Buddy Bolden
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the first "Cornet King"; made the "front line" of the jazz band popular
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Joe "King" Oliver
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Had a band called "King" Oliver's Creole Jazz Band ; Oliver's playing style influenced Armstrong
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Louis Armstrong
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Played second trumpet for Joe Oliver's Band; Often called the "father of Jazz" Born in New Orleans; Popularized scat singing
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Bix Beiderbecke
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Offered listeners an approach that contrasted Armstrong's; Played the cornet; White guy from Iowa
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Jelly Roll Morton
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Pianist, composer, arranger, and band leader from New Orleans; Bridged that gap between the piano styles of ragtime and jazz; Was the first important jazz composer
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James P. Johnson
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Was part of east coast jazz piano tradition One of the first jazz musicians to broadcast on the radio Considered "father of stride piano"
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"Fats" Waller
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one of most popular jazz pianists; wrote "jitterbug waltz"; best at improvising in the stride style
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Earl Hines
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"brassy sound" on piano, played really hard and phrased like a trumpeter
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Pitting Saxes vs. Brass
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both play competing melodies at the same time
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Voicing across Sections
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Played by combination of instruments drawn from different sections
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Hot,Sweet,Crossover BB
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Hot band- Afro-American musicians; Driving swing; More improvisation;Count Basie Orchestra Sweet Band- White musicians ; Stiff swing feel ; More arrangement; Glenn Miller Orchestra Crossover BB - AA musicians integrated into white band
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Territory Bands
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group of musicians hired to go around to small cities in mid-west and play; often bands got "mixed up"
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Head Arrangement
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a band arrangement that was made up by musicians and not written down; a spontaneous series of riffs played by all performers in a concert
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Riffs
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a short simple musical phrase - theme statements and background for solos
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Jam Session
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musicians get together and improvise on well known songs
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Minton's
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A place where musicians would meet to have jam sessions Hired a rhythm section to play for musicians
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Decline of the Swing Era
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American Federation of Musicians ban members from recording now Instrumental music Popular singers take the place of instrumental music By 1942, all efforts of common citizens went to war effect
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Fletcher Henderson
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pianist and composer; created first big band and was very commercially successful; first black musician to be hired by white band
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Duke Ellington
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bandleader of longest lasting big band, piano (stride style), composer - very creative, took jazz into the field of "extended works"; Growl style of trumpet and trombone
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Benny Goodman
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Played clarinet - led best known big band of late 30's; "king of Swing"; first jazz musician to play at Carnegie Hall
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Count Basie
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stride pianist; used silence to pace his lines; had a famous big band
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Count Basie Rhythm Section
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Basie, W. Page, F.Green, J.Jones - excellent sense of tempo, relaxed playing at high tempos
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(Billy Strayhorn)
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arranger for ellington's band
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(Don Redman)
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arranger for fletcher henderson's band
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Nat "king" Cole
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most influential of 1930's pianists, lightened up left hand of piano
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Teddy Wilson
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lightened up left hand in piano; more comping and variety; organized a lot of Billie holiday's stuff
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Art Tatum
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piano player from Toledo, OH, Reharmonization (chord substitution); amazing speed but made it look easy
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Coleman Hawkins
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"father of the jazz tenor saxophone" ; nickname = the bean; interested in chord progression; complicated style
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Lester Young
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basie's best soloist - the "prez" of the tenor sax; no vibrato, offered an alternative to coleman hawkins
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Roy Eldridge
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Trumpet; a link between swing and modern jazz; Sax-like lines
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Charlie Christian
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played jazz guitar - development of bebop
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Evolution of Bebop
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evolved from improv clubs like Mintons; more about the art and music rather than entertainment and dancing; musicians weeded out people who couldn't play it (level goes up)
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Bop style characteristics
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small combo; faster tempo; showing off their talent was important to musicians; improvation and surprise valued highly; a lot like modern jazz today
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Contrafact
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taking an already written chord progression and adding new melodies
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Charlie Parker
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Inovation of bebop; played sax; from kansas city; ability to do double time
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Dizzy Gillespie
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trumpet player who worked on same ideas as C. Parker; has a bob-style big band; cuban music
