History of Jazz – Chapter 1 – Flashcards
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cross-fertilization
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the coming together of Western African and Western European cultures (in terms of music, art, dance, language, religion, etc.) in North America
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Africanization
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the African influence on cross-fertilization of cultures
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swing
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an American style of Jazz music originating in the 1930's; typically characterized by "big band" instrumentation, a greater emphasis on solo passages, and a 4/4 tempo with an almost even emphasis on each beat of the measure.
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polyrhythm
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present in West African music; containing more than one rhythm
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syncopation
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"between beats" where the emphasis does not fall on the expected beat of 1, 2, 3, or 4, but between them; characteristic of jazz and some rock music
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theories for the origin of the word "jazz"
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march music
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novelty music
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juke music
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fun music
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ragged music
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blue music
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folk music
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Jas, Jass, Jaz
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"hipness factor"
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blamed for isolating jazz from a larger public
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"blues factor"
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blues-like feeling or blues presentation
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melody
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one of the most important ingredients of a song; composer's idea of a particular sound picture; scales, melodic motifs, intervals, arpeggios, etc.
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rhythm
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backbone of the composition; should adequately support the melody
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harmonic scheme
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supports the melody and gives it form and distinction; works together with the rhythm to produce an overall structural base on the sound picture
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rhythmic player
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shorter, more syncopated lines over smoother, longer, choppier phrases
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three elements that make jazz the important music that it is:
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improvisation, originality, and creativity
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third-stream jazz
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sophisticated, classically-oriented; blending of European art music and improvised jazz
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hard bop/jazz fusion
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blues-oriented jazz
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free jazz
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free-spirited
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New Orleans period jazz
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contrapuntal and predominantly improvisational in structure; freewheeling style
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by the 1920s, jazz musicians took on a more _________ approach
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classical
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Jazz is music resulting from...
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years of acculturation, adaptation, and assimilation of both West African and West European cultures in the United States
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more contact slaves had with the slave owner
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less preservation of the slaves' original culture
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African slaves' way of looking at music
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something functional; music served a purpose
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song sermon
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spontaneous songlike preaching of the fiery country preacher gave birth to African-American religious music
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African-Americanization
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further transformation of the results of cross-fertilization and Africanization by the African-Americans
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monorhythmic or polyrhythmic: West European
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monorhythmic
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monorhythmic or polyrhythmic: West African
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polyrhythmic
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accidental harmony
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West African music in North America; harmony that moves horizontally rather than vertically
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blue not
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the bastardizing of certain notes; lowering or flatting
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jazz enhancement
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development of special symbols to represent musical effects
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signifying song
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designed to carry a message of social significance
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trumpet
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loud, brassy sound; Louis Armstrong
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clarinet
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high point in popularity during the 1930s; Benny Goodman; Eddie Daniels
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alto saxophone
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peak in popularity during the 1940s; Charlier Parker; brassy-reed sound
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tenor saxophone
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lower pitched than the alto sax; soft subtones, plush low and middle register tones, high shrill, piercing sound of the upper register
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soprano saxophone
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high-pitched, shrill; Sidney Bechet; John Coltrane's 1960s major breakthrough
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baritone saxophone
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root/bottom of reed section; deep, rich dominant texture adds fullness and depth to the harmonies in a reed section
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the bass
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made first appearance during slavery as a single string plucked over a square, pegged instrument; provided rhythm and kept beat; Jimmy Blanton
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the guitar
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not used as a solo instrument until the 1920s; bottlenecking
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trombone
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official beginning in the marching bands of New Orleans; Kid Ory; Joseph "Trick Sam" Nanton
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flute
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used primarily as a second instrument by saxophonists; used full scale by 1953-54; Herbie Mann
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vibraphone
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owes existence to the African xylophone or balaphone; made by carving out a large wood log; long wooden bars shaped into various sizes; 1930s - emerged as a major solo instrument in jazz; Lionel Hampton; Terry Pollard
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culture usually refers to...
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the learned behavioral patterns of a particular group of people, which reflect the total aesthetic values of the society
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African-American culture in its beginning stages was a reflection of (2)
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West Africans and West Europeans
