History of Graphic Design
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Graphic Design
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The art of combining text and pictures in advertisements, magazines, books, etc.
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petroglyph
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A representation or abstract design engraved, scratched or pecked by ancient peoples into cave walls or cliff sides using rock or bone tools.
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logographic writing
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arbitrary relationship between the written form and the object; represents a word or morpheme;inefficient to write, but efficient to read
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cuneiform
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A system of writing in which wedge-shaped symbols represented words or syllables. It originated in Mesopotamia and was used initially for Sumerian and Akkadian but later was adapted to represent other languages of western Asia. Because so many symbols had to be learned, literacy was confined to a relatively small group of administrators and scribes.
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hieroglyphs
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pictures, characters, or symbols standing for words, ideas, or sounds; ancient Egyptians used instead of an alphabet like ours
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demotic script
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form of hieroglyphic, more popular for everyday types of writing bc it was less illustrative and characters were highly abstract and symbolic
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papyrus
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A reed that grows along the banks of the Nile River in Egypt. From it was produced a coarse, paperlike writing medium used by the Egyptians and many other peoples in the ancient Mediterranean and Middle East.
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scroll
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an ancient rolled manuscript
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codex
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A book written on parchment pages that were cut and bound on one side. Developed by the Romans in the first century AD, the codex was the first book to resemble today's familiar form.
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alphabet
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A set of symbols that represent the sounds of a language
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cyrillic alphabet
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An alphabet for the writing of Slavic languages, devised in the ninth century A.D. by Saints Cyril and Methodius
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vellum
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fine parchment prepared from the skin of a young animal e.g. a calf or lamb
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parchment
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A writing surface made from treated skins of animals.
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illuminated manuscript
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a decorative art of the Middle Ages characterized by large ornate capitals and decorated borders
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scriptorium
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A copying room in a medieval monastery set apart for the scribes
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unical
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Latin and Greek. large, rounded leters used in some Latin adn Greek manuscripts from the Middle Ages throught the 18th century. Modern capitals come from these.
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carolingian minuscules
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Type of writing that started in Charlomgnaes court, started with upper and lowercase letters.
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textura
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The style of thick vertical strokes with painted serifs narrowly condense to save space on expensive parchment paper
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ephemera
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is any transitory written or printed matter not meant to be retained or preserved.
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romain du roi
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a new typeface, increased contrast between thick and thin strokes, sharp horizontal serifs, and an even balance to each letterform.
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serif
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A font that has curved or extended edges.
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uncials
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a large group of Greek biblical manuscript written in large, carefully formed letterssomething like our capital letters
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watermark
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A recognizable image or pattern IN PAPER that appears as various shades of lightness/darkness.
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relief printing
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printmaking techniques in which the image is printed from the raised areas of the printmaking block.
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intaglio printing
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Artists cut into a flat surface, usually a metal plate, to make the image or design. Ink is rubbed into the cutaway areas and then the paper and plate are put through a press to transfer the image to the paper.
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planographic printing
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ink rests on top of a smooth surface rather than on raised areas like in relief printing, or in sunken grooves as with intaglio. Designers could more easily produce drawn images and letterforms in a full range of tones, without concern for the structure of the letterpress or the cost or inconvenience of engraving.
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block book printing
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are short books of up to 50 leaves, block printed in Europe in the second half of the 15th century as woodcuts with blocks carved to include both text and illustrations.
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moveable type
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Individual characters made of wood or metal that can be arranged to create a job for printing and then used over again. Designed by Johann Guttenberg.
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punch cutter
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In traditional typography, punchcutting is the craft of cutting letter punches in steel from which matrices were made in copper for type founding in the letterpress era. Cutting punches and casting type was the first step of traditional typesetting.
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incunabula
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(noun) a book printed in the early stages of printing from moveable type (before 1501).
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broadside
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a large sheet meant for posting poetry popular in English in 16th to 19th centuries
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roman type
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A broad class of type originally modeled on the script of early 15th century Italian humanistic scribes and commonly used in books sense
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italic type
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A cursive-like version of Roman type
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etching
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an intaglio printmaking technique in which a metal plate is covered with an acid-resistant ground and worked with an etching needle to create an image.
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lithography
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A method of printing pictures that uses flat metal or stone surfaces, parts of which are covered with ink
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wood engraving
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A printing technique developed in the 18th century in which an image is engraved on the cut and polished end of the wood rather than cut along the grain. This made printing large numbers of high-quality images easier.
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fat face
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Created by Robert Thorne, A roman typestyle who contrast and weight have been increased by expanding the thickness of the heavy stokes.
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letterpress poster
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is a technique of relief printing using a printing press. A worker composes and locks movable type into the bed of a press, inks it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper
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chromolithography
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color printing process by which the printer analyzes and separates colors contained in a color image into a series of printing plates, each printing a single component color. Usually a black (key) plate is included .
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private press movement
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A design and printing movement (Arts & Crafts) advocating an aesthetic concern for the design and production of beautiful books. Sought to regain the pre-Ind. Rev. design standards, high-quality materials, and careful workmanship of printing.
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arts and crafts movement
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A group of artisans in the 19th Century who wanted to convince consumers to move away from machine manufactured products and to support local craftspeople.
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japonism
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described the Japanese aesthetic. Areas of flat colors and a new presentation of space that characterize the woodblock prints intrigued the Parisians of the late 1800s.
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art nouveau
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A decorative style of art, popular in Europe and America from the 1880s to the 1930s. This style is usually characterized by flowing lines, flat shapes, and vines and flowers.
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rosetta stone
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Stone that contained carved messages in hieroglyphics, Greek and demotic. Led to deciphering of hieroglyphics.
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william addison dwiggins
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an American type designer, calligrapher, and book designer. He attained prominence as an illustrator and commercial artist, and he brought to the designing of type and books some of the boldness that he displayed in his advertising work.
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lindisfarne gospel
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a beautifully illustrated manuscript of the Gospels produced between 715 and 720 and are among the greatest artistic achievements of the Middle Ages
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diamond sutra
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the worlds first known printed book, was printed and China,and was also a religious Buddhist text
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charlemagne
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(768-814) was the ruler of the Carolingian Empire (Rhineland), he was nicknamed Charles the Great because he was such a powerful leader of the Western Europe. He engaged in almost constant warfare during his reign because he wanted to protect his borders, he wanted to give his people the chance to expand their lands and get more opportunities, and he also felt the need to spread Christianity.During his reign he made many political reforms that would help strengthen the empire with the help of his missi dominici. He was significant because he set up the last strong empire for the next 200 years in Europe. Because there was no central government during this time, the Carolingian empire eventually collapsed but his legacy remained and the many schools he built still remains because he was big into spreading education. *he tried to renovate the roman empire*
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gutenburg
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Created the first printing press and printed the bible. started the printing revolution and made it possible to print the bible easily in other languages.
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nuremberg chronicle
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Published in 1493. History of the World. Printed on Printing Press in Nuremburg, Germany. Latin writing explaining history of world, as well as wood cut print pictures showing various events in picture form. Extremely Popular. Idea of mixing words and pictures.
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champ fleury
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was a French art critic and novelist, a prominent supporter of the Realist movement in painting and fiction.
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garamond
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PERSON: French leading typeface-designer of his time, creating many typefaces still relevant today. Assistant to Tory.
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thomas bewick
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Father of wood engraving; \"white-line\" technique employed a fine graver to achieve delicate tonal effects by cutting across the grain on blocks of Turkish boxwood
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alois senefelder
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Applied an image to limestone using a grease pencil. Then wet stone and found that ink stuck only to the image area
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Giambattista Bodini
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was a French art critic and novelist, a prominent supporter of the Realist movement in painting and fiction.
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daguerre
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A process like photogenic drawing which yields a positive image on a polished meal plate. Invented by Louis Daguere (1789-1851)
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talbot
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Presented a process for fixing negative images on paper coated with light-sensitive chemicals, a process that he called photogenic drawing
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owen jones
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Aesthetic movement, published a pattern book of ornament, stylized ornament, color theory, if you are going to use a plant in design--know how to use it
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william morris
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Founder of the Arts and Crafts movement. This movement rejected mass production of products and sought to revitalize careful hand production of goods.
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Toulouse-Lautrec
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This Post-Impressionist artist created many color lithographs of Parisian night-life as advertising posters. They continue to be popular works of art today.
