question

According to the banks plan...

answer

former slaves signed year-long contracts and earned a small percentage of the crop, or $3 per month.

question

According to the Black Codes enacted by southern legislatures,

answer

African Americans could not testify in any case involving a white person.

question

How did President Lincoln dispose of the Wade-Davis Bill?

answer

He used pocket veto.

question

How many voters would have had to swear allegiance to the Union under the Wade-Davis Bill?

answer

a majority

question

Most African Americans who held elected office in southern states during Reconstruction

answer

had been free in the prewar period.

question

Northerners who came south in the aftermath of the Civil War to introduce reforms or capitalize on opportunities were known as

answer

carpetbaggers

question

Other than getting laborers to work their land, how did the sharecrop system benefit landowners?

answer

It reduced their risk when cotton prices were low.

question

Part of the \"gospel of prosperity\" advocated by southern Republicans involved

answer

tax abatements to corporations doing business in the South.

question

Southerners who collaborated with northerners after the Civil War were known as

answer

scalawags.

question

The Fifteenth Amendment

answer

prohibited the use of race, color, or previous condition of servitude to disqualify voters.

question

Those who advocated a harsh peace for the South and citizenship for former slaves were called what?

answer

Radical Republicans

question

What criticism did Radical Republicans have of the Freedmen's Bureau?

answer

Agents sided with landowners against the interests of freed people too often.

question

What criticism did southern whites have of the Freedmen's Bureau?

answer

Bureau agents kept them from complete domination of freed people.

question

What did African Americans most expect from government?

answer

Public services, especially universal education

question

What did the Republican Party's nomination of Ulysses S. Grant for president in 1868 signify?

answer

a retreat of the Republican Party from radicalism

question

What effect did Reconstruction have on public schooling for African Americans?

answer

Education for African Americans remained underfunded and segregated.

question

What effect did reports of violence against freed people have on Congress?

answer

Moderate Republicans were radicalized.

question

What effect did reports of violence against freed people in the South have on many people in the North?

answer

They thought that presidential Reconstruction was too lenient and a more harsh policy was necessary.

question

What first symbolized the transfer of initiative in Reconstruction from the executive to the legislative branch?

answer

Congress overriding President Johnson's veto of the Civil Rights Act and the extension of the Freedmen's Bureau

question

What group finally decided the presidential race in 1876 in favor of the Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes?

answer

an appointed electoral commission composed of a majority of Republicans

question

What group first organized educators to teach literacy skills to former slaves?

answer

American Missionary Association

question

What is meant by the term \"redemption\"?

answer

restoration of local, white control in former Confederate states

question

What was considered the only legal method of emancipation prior to ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment?

answer

State emancipation

question

What was President Johnson's stand on the Fourteenth Amendment?

answer

He urged southern states to reject the amendment.

question

What was the principal goal of terrorist organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan?

answer

to restore white supremacy in the South

question

According to Andrew Carnegie, what achievement in business gave him the greatest satisfaction?

answer

earning his first week's wage in America

question

Approximately how many immigrants arrived in New York City during most of the decade following the Civil War?

answer

200,000

question

How did a majority of white settlers want the government to manage relations with Native Americans?

answer

Extermination

question

How did most of those immigrating to the United States travel by 1900?

answer

in steamboats

question

How did the sharecrop system contribute to the impoverishment of the South?

answer

It bound the region to a single cash crop.

question

How were most cattle raised in the West?

answer

by the open-range method and worked mostly from horseback

question

How were the Comanche, Navajo, Modoc, and Lakota Sioux characterized by at least one general?

answer

as the greatest light cavalry that the world had ever seen.

question

How were the majority of the working-class wives employed?

answer

housewives who worked in their homes

question

Industrial workers could count on all of the following except

answer

their labor union being respected and protecting their jobs.

question

James P. Morgan dominated what American industry?

answer

banking and finance

question

The economic history of the United States late in the nineteenth century was

answer

sandwiched between financial panics in 1873 and 1893.

question

The reservation system was intended to

answer

prevent outbreaks of violence between Native Americans and white settlers.

question

The term \"vertical integration\" means

answer

controlling as many aspects of business as possible.

question

What best describes placer mining in the West?

answer

prospector panning for precious metals in a mountain stream

question

What caused approximately 300,000 Chinese immigrants to arrive on the west coast of the United States in the mid-nineteenth century?

answer

economic and political disruptions such as the Taiping Rebellion

question

What government agency was responsible for the Native American reservations in the West?

answer

Bureau of Indian Affairs

question

What group constituted the greatest mythic figure of the American West?

answer

cowboys

question

What groups formed the backbone of the new segment of society known as \"middle class\"?

answer

professionals such as attorneys and medical doctors

question

What is a \"trust\"?

answer

a business device by which different producers agree to operate as a single company to control competition

question

What precipitated the massive immigration of European Jews to America?

answer

anti-Jewish pogroms in Russia following the assassination of Czar Alexander II

question

What term identifies the army of cashiers, clerks, and government employees who performed clerical work in the new industrial society?

answer

white-collar workers

question

What was even more effective than the US Army in confining Native Americans to reservations?

answer

near extermination of the bison

question

What was the intent of the Dawes Severalty Act?

answer

to break up reservations into separate plots for Native American families

question

What was the purpose of the Homestead Act?

answer

to settle the West with independent small farmers

question

Who published an expose of slums and other urban problems titled How the Other Half Lives in 1890?

answer

Jacob Riis

question

Andrew Carnegie, America's most successful businessman late in the nineteenth century, migrated to America from what country?

answer

Scotland

question

From where did most immigrants to the United States come after the 1880s?

answer

Southern and Eastern Europe

question

What business device did John D. Rockefeller employ to control the petroleum industry from production through refining and marketing?

answer

Trusts

question

What group emerged at the top of American society between 1850 and 1890?

answer

approximately 200 families worth more than $20 million each

question

What was the largest privately owned company in the world in 1865?

answer

Pennsylvania Railroad

question

According to Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection,

answer

plants and animals that could change to suit the surrounding environment survived.

question

According to social Darwinists, what was the cause of human inequality?

answer

The natural struggle for survival ensured the elevation of the fittest.

question

Anthony Comstock worried about the difference between photography and art because

answer

photographs could be pornographic

question

By 1900 what percent of manufacturing workers were either immigrants or children of immigrants?

answer

75

question

How did baseball stadia reflect social divisions in American life?

answer

Wealthy patrons sat in box seats, working-class patrons in bleachers.

question

How did intellectuals define \"high culture\" in the second half of the nineteenth century?

answer

through principles of social, cultural, and political hierarchy installed in museums, libraries, and universities

question

How did most minstrel shows portray African Americans after the Civil War?

answer

in gross racial stereotypes

question

How did urban development contribute to a loosening of morals in the United States?

answer

Young workers were freed from the constraints of parents and small-town life.

question

How did wealthy Americans respond to the growing popularity of professional sports?

answer

They glorified the idealism of amateur status in participation.

question

Josiah Strong, author of Our Country, believed

answer

the Anglo-Saxon race would \"spread itself over the world.\"

question

The first Ferris wheel appeared in what venue that celebrated international recreation and entertainment during its era?

answer

Chicago Exposition in 1893

question

Vaudeville, a form of entertainment that replaced minstrel, was essentially

answer

a continuous variety show.

question

What did Strong and others of like mind think was the greatest threat to America?

answer

Immigrants

question

What do John Philip Sousa, Scott Joplin, and George M. Cohan have in common?

answer

a. Their music was available on records. b. Each wrote popular American music c. Each statement is accurate They did not imitate European composers. Correct Answer: C.

question

What prompted the founding of so many schools by the Roman Catholic Church?

answer

Public schools, they believed, were biased.

question

What was the goal of the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice?

answer

to prevent the publication or patronizaion of pornography

question

What was the most significant form of public entertainment in America throughout the nineteenth century?

answer

minstrel shows

question

What was the primary purpose of world's fairs and similar exhibitions in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century?

answer

to celebrate the global economy, industrial enterprise, and urban life.

question

What were the first two sports that became spectator activities featuring professionals?

answer

prizefighting and baseball

question

Who popularized the recreations of the Plains Indian wars for eastern and European audiences?

answer

Buffalo Bill Cody

question

Who promoted the first professional prizefights and established standardized rules of competition for boxing?

answer

Richard Kyle Fox

question

Who was the most famous African American minstrel?

answer

Billy Kersands

question

Why were boys reared on stories of heroes who overcame their fears during the Victorian Era?

answer

to prepare them for the competitive worlds of business and politics

question

Why were women usually destined to be wives and mothers within the home during the Victorian Era?

answer

Women were though too frail to engage in business and enterprise.

question

Winslow Homer and Thomas Eakins were known for

answer

realistic paintings.

question

Early in the nineteenth century, American audiences were most likely to be familiar with the writings of

answer

William Shakespeare.

question

How is the Victorian Era usually characterized?

answer

an age of sexual repression and conservatism

question

How was masculinity defined in the Victorian Era?

answer

as the ability to leave home and compete in the capitalist marketplace

question

What impact did ethnic cultures have on family planning in the United States?

answer

Most ethnic families were large, often with as many as 10 children.

question

Why were immigrants thought to be a particularly dire threat to America?

answer

They brought crime to American cities and undermined politics.

question

A combination of what kept most farmers in debt during the latter part of the nineteenth century?

answer

declining prices and high interest rates

question

Before the Farmers' Alliance came into existence, American farmers tried to influence legislation through membership in

answer

the Grange.

question

\"Boss\" rule in city governments was possible because

answer

city bosses could trade municipal jobs for votes.

question

Charles Francis Adams spoke for a small group of conservatives who regarded what as evidence of degradation of public life in America?

answer

universal suffrage

question

Each of the following statements about American plantation owners in Hawaii is accurate except:

answer

they reduced sugar production in Hawaii to prove their economic power.

question

Edward Bellamy's novel Looking Backward was

answer

a literary device used to advocate a utopian society.

question

How did most Americans feel about the nation's natural resources by the end of the nineteenth century?

answer

Most Americans accepted the idea that government should oversee the distribution of natural resources.

question

How did most Americans react to the high protective tariffs enacted by Congress?

answer

They believed that the tariff protected Americans from unfair foreign competition.

question

How did most middle-class radicals react to socialism?

answer

Most were frightened rather than motivated by socialism.

question

How did the writer of Progress and Poverty want to finance government?

answer

through a single tax on rising rents

question

How had Frances Willard and her Woman's Christian Temperance Union come to view alcoholism by the end of the nineteenth century?

answer

as a public health problem

question

Membership in the Knights of Labor was open to all except

answer

the Chinese

question

Most American women who participated in voluntary reform movements were

answer

members of the educated middle class.

question

\"Nativism\" refers to

answer

opposition to immigration.

question

Social scientists opposed to massive immigration said that

answer

Italians were predisposed to organized violence.

question

The Pendleton Act

answer

created the Civil Service Commission to administer competitive examinations for non-policy-level federal jobs.

question

The Populist Party advocated all of the following except

answer

redistribution of wealth and land ownership.

question

What activity did the Sherman Anti-Trust Act outlaw?

answer

combination of the restraint trade.

question

What enabled the Republican Party to win the presidency and control of Congress in 1888?

answer

its vigorous stand on retaining the protective tariff

question

What motivated the assassin who shot President James A. Garfield in 1881?

answer

President Garfield failed to appoint him to a federal position he sought.

question

What political issues were considered most appropriate for women's interest and participation?

answer

moral reform movements

question

What was the goal of the National Civil Service Reform League?

answer

to prevent political parties from filling government positions with supporters

question

What was the impact of the Harrison-McKinley Tariff on foreign affairs?

answer

It gave the president new authority in trade relations with other countries.

question

What was the purpose of the Civil Service Commission when Congress authorized its creation in 1881?

answer

to award federal jobs on the basis of merit rather than patronage

question

What were \"greenbacks\"?

answer

paper currency backed only by the word of the United States

question

To what does the term \"specie\" refer?

answer

gold or silver coins

question

How did elites such as Charles Francis Adams attempt to maintain political influence despite the broadening suffrage?

answer

by advocating good government run by professionals

question

Secretary of State William Henry Seward's view of American foreign affairs was linked to

answer

expanding American trade.

question

What did advocates of a single tax hope to accomplish with this method of public finance?

answer

to restore wealth to those who produced it

question

Who caused the violence in Haymarket Square in Chicago in 1886?

answer

anarchists

question

Among other things, the \"Crisis of the 1890s\" referred to

answer

the powerlessness of the US government against the power of wealth.

question

According to J. P. Morgan's views, __________ were more important than industrialists.

answer

bankers

question

According to the thinking of the time, increasing the money supply would

answer

reduce interest rates and make credit more available.

question

Alfred Thayer Mahan advocated all of the following except

answer

high tariffs.

question

All of the following refer to Plessy v. Ferguson except

answer

the lower court found that segregation was in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution even if railroad facilities were substantially equal for both races.

question

Battles in the Spanish-American War were fought in

answer

Cuba and the Philippines.

question

Coxey's Army was a

answer

relatively small group of unemployed men who marched to Washington demanding the nation's money be based on silver.

question

Eugene V. Debs was

answer

the president of the American Railway Union.

question

Following the election of 1896,

answer

voter participation declined.

question

Frederick W. Taylor, an efficiency expert, was

answer

popular with factory managers.

question

In calling for war with Spain in 1898, President McKinley announced that America's war aims included

answer

a. restoration of peace in Cuba. b. recognition of Cuban independence. c. all of the above d. protection of endangered American property in Cuba. Answer: C

question

In retrospect, Professor Frederick Jackson Turner's \"frontier thesis\" contained the following misconception:

answer

More homesteaders claimed lands after the 1890 census than before.

question

In spite of President Cleveland's financial arrangements with J. P. Morgan, he remained unpopular because of all of the following except that

answer

he was seen by the press as aloof and uncaring.

question

Samuel Gompers and the American Federation of Labor called for

answer

shortening work hours.

question

Some argued that if the United States failed to expand its economy overseas

answer

a. the United States would decline just like the Roman Empire. b. the nation would be taken over by more powerful nations. c. all of the above d. the United States would no longer have a frontier of its own for expansion. Answer: C

question

Southern cities, with few exceptions, were

answer

service centers.

question

The last great land rush in the continental United States occurred in 1893 in

answer

Oklahoma.

question

Theodore Roosevelt symbolized the expansionist beliefs in which of the following ways?

answer

He believed the future of the United States was dependent on controlling global trade.

question

The Open Door policy was designed to

answer

keep the markets of China open to the United States.

question

The Panic of 1893 was

answer

a period of economic decline in the United States that included the failure of many American businesses and banks.

question

The popular press in the 1890s characterized strikers as

answer

contrary to progress.

question

The Supreme Court's 1896 decision in Plessy v. Ferguson

answer

defined the \"separate but equal\" principle.

question

The term \"disfranchisement\" refers to the process by which African Americans were denied the right

answer

to vote.

question

The term \"Jim Crow\" refers to

answer

a. any form of racial segregation. b. a minstrel show character. c. a group of laws enforcing segregation. d. all of the above. Answer: D

question

Which of the following refers to Booker T. Washington's \"Atlanta Compromise\"?

answer

Employers should hire African American workers rather than relying on immigrant labor.

question

Employers such as George Pullman sought which of the following?

answer

absolute control of the workplace

question

In a famous speech in 1896, __________ said, \"You shall not press down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns, you shall not crucify mankind on a cross of gold.\"

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

\"Jingoes\" were those who

answer

advocated the need for the United States to expand globally for strategic, religious, and economic reasons.

question

The industrialized nations focused their struggle for industrial and military supremacy on

answer

China.

question

Which statement does not refer to scientific \"Taylorism\"?

answer

The new field of efficiency engineering served to increase the job satisfaction of the typical worker in offices and factories.

question

Jane Addams was one of the founders of

answer

Hull House

question

An example of the progressives' ambivalent attitude toward democracy is their belief that

answer

city governments needed to be more businesslike and less democratic.

question

Compared with choices, Roosevelt believed citizens had a(n) __________ to society.

answer

a. duty b. all of the above. c. obligation. d. responsibility Answer: B

question

regulate the relationship between corporations and labor unions.

answer

William Jennings Bryan

question

John Muir was

answer

the founder of the Sierra Club.

question

President Roosevelt helped create the modern environmental movement by

answer

a. using the power of the presidency to build support of Americans for conservation policies. b. all of the above c. quadrupling the number of acres of land in the federal reserves. d. professionalizing the forest service. Answer: B

question

President Wilson's \"New Freedom\" policies included

answer

a. all of the above. b. vigorous antitrust enforcement. c. lower tariffs. d. increased competition.

question

Progressives could be characterized as:

answer

a. educated. b. professional. c. all of the above. d. men and women.

question

The ministers of the \"Social Gospel\" advocated which of the following?

answer

a belief that corporate capitalism was organized sin

question

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) won its first court battle in 1915 against the

answer

The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) won its first court battle in 1915 against the

question

The \"New Women\" of the Progressive Era symbolized

answer

the growing strength and influence of American women in social and political change.

question

The \"Roosevelt Corollary\" to the Monroe Doctrine came about because

answer

the United States did not want European nations exerting their influence over Latin American nations or officials.

question

The United Mine Workers' 1902 coal strike resulted in

answer

the use of federal arbitration to resolve the strike.

question

The United States intervened in the civil war in

answer

Panama.

question

What was the basic controversy in the Hetch Hetchy Valley debate?

answer

a. all of the above. b. Water in the valley was needed for use in San Francisco's municipal water system. c. The controversy pitted naturalists against the needs of urban populations. d. The Hetch Hetchy Valley was located in Yosemite National Park. Answer: A

question

What was the \"big stick\" that President Roosevelt advocated using in foreign affairs?

answer

whatever means was necessary to impose order and/or the American will in dealing with Latin American nations

question

Which of the following statements characterizes Theodore Roosevelt's approach to the nation's natural resources?

answer

He was a conservationist who tried to balance commercial and public interests.

question

Compared with earlier American reformers, progressives believed that for reform to be successful

answer

reform had to be a multifaceted process.

question

In what way did the discovery of the calorie change humans' diets?

answer

a. Nutrition came to be seen as a solution to the world's economic and political problems. b. all of the above. c. The calorie measured food needs of whole populations rather than individuals. d. The calorie was the only universal gauge of food consumption. Answer: B

question

President William Howard Taft's administration was characterized by all of the following except

answer

the dismissal of Richard Ballinger as the secretary of the interior in a dispute over conservation.

question

The \"Roosevelt Corollary\" to the Monroe Doctrine said that

answer

a. if any nation intervened in Latin American politics, it would have to deal with the United States. b. European nations had no business intervening in Latin American politics. c. if there was chronic wrongdoing or the potential for revolution in a Latin American nation and intervention was necessary to protect the status quo and/or American interests, the United States would do the intervening. d. all of the above.

question

According to Walter Lippmann, the sinking of the Lusitania

answer

united Englishmen and Americans in a common grief.

question

All of the following refer to the successful drive for woman suffrage in 1920 except:

answer

Wilson cited women's war service as the reason he endorsed the Nineteenth Amendment.

question

By 1920, __________ percent of women worked in offices.

answer

25

question

Congress passed which of the following laws to suppress dissent?

answer

the Espionage Act

question

President Wilson sent American troops to all of the following except

answer

Granada.

question

Sacco and Vanzetti were believed to be a threat to the United States because

answer

they were self-proclaimed anarchists.

question

The \"Great Migration\" between 1917 and 1918 referred to the movement of

answer

African Americans from the rural South to the urban North and West.

question

The result of Wilson's \"going over the heads\" of Congress was that

answer

Wilson campaigned for passage and while he was on tour suffered a massive stroke.

question

The term \"Red Scare\" referred to the American fear of

answer

communism.

question

The US Senate refused to ratify Wilson's Treaty of Versailles because, among other reasons,

answer

senators feared that US involvement in the League of Nations would mean that American troops might be sent into Europe and settle European disputes.

question

The War Industries Board created by Wilson was created to regulate

answer

a. manufacturing. b. transportation. c. all of the above. d. prices. Answer: C

question

What was meant by the sentiment that the military draft would \"break down distinctions of race and class\"?

answer

a. The draft would be democratic and all men between 18 and 45. b. all of the above c. Immigrants would become \"new Americans.\" d. American soldiers would be molded into citizens.

question

When President Wilson went to Paris at the end of the war, he was

answer

a. unable to convince the British, French, and Italian leaders to go along with his Fourteen Points. b. very popular with the French people. c. all of the above. d. unable to dissuade the Japanese from trying to acquire some of Germany's colonies.

question

When the Nineteenth Amendment was ratified in 1920,

answer

woman suffragists linked woman suffrage with the nation's war aims.

question

Where trade was concerned, why was it difficult for the United States to be neutral?

answer

The United States exported the things that both sides needed and would pay for.

question

Which of the following encouraged African Americans to relocate from the South to the North during the war?

answer

lynchings, intimidation, and racist attitudes at home.

question

Which of the following nations was not part of the Allied Powers?

answer

Germany

question

Which of the following nations was not part of the Central Powers?

answer

Russia

question

Why did President Wilson ask Congress for a declaration of war?

answer

It was the only way the United States could control the peace following the war.

question

Wilson's \"Fourteen Points\" included all of the following except

answer

closed diplomacy.

question

In comparison with other American presidents, President Wilson

answer

sent more American troops to Latin American nations than any other American president.

question

Like other progressives, President Wilson believed that those nations that did not follow the rules

answer

should be forced to do so.

question

The influenza pandemic of 1918 was

answer

a. a variant of a \"swine flu.\" b. all of the above c. global in its impact, killing about 30 million people worldwide. d. a virus that spread rapidly throughout the soldiers on the front and civilians whose immunities were reduced because of wartime conditions.

question

Which of the following made American neutrality difficult?

answer

a. the firm of J. P. Morgan b. the long US-British friendship c. all of the above d. both sides needing American manufactured goods in order to win Answer: C

question

Which of the following refer(s) to programs President Wilson implemented to control the national economy?

answer

a. the implementation of \"cost-plus\" contracts for businesses supplying war materials. b. all of the above c. imploring automobile manufacturers to cut output to allow for the production of army tanks. d. the nationalization of the railroads. Answer: B

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