HISTORY 1301 UNIT 3 Andrew Jackson – Flashcards
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What was the "spoils system"?
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firing people from government jobs and replacing them with people from your party
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Why did Jackson think the spoils system was a good idea?
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if we win, we get it all. Kept people thinking you could have a job for life.
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Which two members of Jackson's administration were intense rivals from the beginning? Where were their jobs?
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Martin Van Buren-Secretary of State John C. Calhoun-Vice President
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Which one ended up getting shut out by Jackson?
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John C. Calhoun
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How did the rift between President Jackson and John C. Calhoun begin?
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Washington sex scandal
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Who was Peggy O'Neale?
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daughter of irish tavern owner
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What did Washington gossip say about her?
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Her husband committed suicide because Peggy was having affair with Senator Eaton
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Whom did Peggy later marry?
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John Eaton
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How did Washington's society ladies respond? WHY?
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blamed Peggy for husbands death and scandal. Had nothing to do with her.
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Who was the leading lady in shutting Peggy out of society?
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Mrs. (John C.) Floride Calhoun
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Why did President Jackson take this personally?
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reminded him of the situation with Rachel Jackson.
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Whom did Jackson blame for Peggy Eaton's mistreatment?
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V.P. John C. Calhoun
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What did Jackson eventually ask his entire cabinet to do? WHY?
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resign. Bad attitude most people had against Peggy
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What is a tariff?
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tax on imports
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Whom did the 1828 Tariff help? WHY?
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manufacturers, trying to make sell
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What did southerners call the Tariff?
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"tariff of abomination"
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What are four reasons why southerners hated the 1828 Tariff?
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1. Made goods more expensive 2. Hurt international cotton trade 3.Unconstitutional (only 4 revenue purposes, not projected man) 4. hidden attack on slaves (might use same national authority on slavery)
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What state complained the loudest about the Tariff?
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South Carolina
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Who was the leader of South Carolina's opposition to the Tariff?
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John C. Calhoun (VP)
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What did the Doctrine of Nullification argue?
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individual state could null. when in border. Fed could not have a say.
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What did people in northern states argue that the Doctrine of Nullification would lead to?
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session or nullification
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Where did President Jackson make his position on the issue clear?
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remained silent
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During his toast, what did Jackson say?
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"are union, it must be preserved"
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What did he mean by that?
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fed. gov. law had to be obeyed in all of the states
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What did Vice President Calhoun say?
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"our union-next to liberty most dear? May we all remember that it can only be preserved...."
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What did he mean by that?
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in favor of nullification idea
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What did Calhoun do soon after?
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resigned as VP
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What was Calhoun's next job?
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Senator
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Who was the next vice president?
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Martin Van Bueren -in next election
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Meanwhile, what did the South Carolina state legislature do next?
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ordinance of nullification
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How did President Jackson respond?
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force bill
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What could have begun at this point?
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war
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Who came up with a compromise?
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Henry Clay
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What did Congress pass that gave South Carolina an excuse to back down?
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lowered tariff
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What did South Carolina agree to do?
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back down
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By 1832, what did Henry Clay still want to do?
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Be President
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What campaign issue did he think would help him do this?
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Bank of the United States
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How did President Jackson feel about banks?
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hated them
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Which bank did he hate most of all?
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Bank of the US
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Why did he hate this bank?
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Wealthy people making money off the bank
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Explain how Henry Clay planned to make the bank a campaign issue that would help him win election:
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1. Bank president asks for Bank Charter early renewal 2. Congress: approval early renewal 3. Jackson: vetoes early renewal 4. Henry Clay: elected President (plan backfired)
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What happened instead?
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1. Bank president asked for Bank charter early renewal 2. congress: approved early renewal 3. jackson: vetoed early renewal 4. Jackson reelected president
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How did Jackson interpret his reelection in regard to the Bank of the U.S.?
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against the bank
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What did the bank's destruction help cause?
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major economic downturn
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What was the "Old Southwest?"
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western georgia,carolina,alabama and mississippi
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Which tribes made up the so-called "Five Civilized Tribes"?
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creek,choctaw,chickasaw,siminole,cherokee
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How many people did they include, and how much land did they collectively own?
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60,000 people and 33 million acres
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How did most of the Cherokees earn their living at this point?
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farmers, adopted white mans ways.
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In what ways did the Cherokees reflect white American society?
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Government: constitution literacy: written language religion: christianity labor system: african american slave labor
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What did their white neighbors want?
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rich lands that indians had
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In what state was tension especially increasing between whites and the Cherokees?
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Georgia
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What did Georgian states-rights advocates deny?
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fed. gov. had any right to make treaties within Georgia.
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What did they claim?
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All indian lands came under the jurisdiction of Georgia
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What did the Georgia government do in regard to Indian lands?
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passed laws and regulated certain things in regard to indians
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In what way was Andrew Jackson's attitude typical of many white Americans at the time?
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not impressed- saw them as constant threat. Little respect. "typical" Barbarians.
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What did Jackson think was the most humane policy for the Indians?
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all move west
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Where was "west"?
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west of mississippi
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What did many Americans call this area at the time?
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great american desert
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What did Andrew Jackson believe about the authority of the federal government in regard to Indians who living inside state boundaries?
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agreed that fed. gov. lacked authority to recognize indian sovereignty within states. Agreed with white gregorians
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When was the first large-scale proposal for Indian removal? By which president?
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1825 James Monroe
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As a result, the Indians in which region were pushed off their lands?
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eastern portion of the nation
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What did President Andrew Jackson announce in his first message to Congress in 1829?
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A plan to get rid of 60,000 plus indians still living south of Mississippi
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What did Congress pass in response?
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indian removal act
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What did this law authorize?
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gave indians federal land in west, in exchange for land they occupied in south east.
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Which two tribes put up the most resistance to this law?
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Siminole, cherokee
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Where did the Seminoles live?
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South, Florida
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Who was Osceola?
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seminole leader
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What happened to him?
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captured by americans. Left him to starve.
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What happened in 1829 on Cherokee lands in Georgia that made everything worse for the Cherokee?
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discovery of gold on cherokee lands
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How did the Cherokee fight back?
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appealed to US supreme court for protection.
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Who was still Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court?
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John Marshall
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How did Marshall rule in two cases involving the Cherokee in Georgia?
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Case 1. Georgia government could not get land Case 2. Georgia gov. did not have jurisdiction over indian lands, only fed. gov. did.
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How did President Jackson respond to the Supreme Court's ruling?
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Nothing, ignored it.
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What did Georgia authorities do next?
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Move on Cherokee lands with military action. (Jackson approved)
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What was this forced westward march known as?
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Trail of Tears
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Which Indian group was primarily involved?
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Cherokee
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Where was their destination?
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Oklahoma
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When did the march take place?
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Winter 1838-39
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Who conducted the march?
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U.S. troops
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Who was the U.S. president at that point?
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Martin Van Buren
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How many Cherokee died en route?
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4,000 died (quarter)
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What was the overall result of the federal policy of Indian removal?
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Indian presence in South US was virtually a limit hit, ugliest episode in American History
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By 1834, a new political coalition of people became united by what?
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hostility to Jackson
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What nickname did they give President Jackson?
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King Andrew the 1st.
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What did this new coalition call itself?
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Whigs
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What did this term mean?
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Someone who was opposed to arbitrary power of the monarchy
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Whigs tended to come from what older political group?
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patriots
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Who were some famous or soon-to-be famous Whigs?
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Henry Clay John Quincy Adams Abraham Lincoln
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What typified the Whig Party (besides its hatred of Andrew Jackson)?
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commitment to economic growth
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What types of people tended to join the new Whig Party?
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-North and South -City business men -Transatlantic traders -manufactures -commercial farmers
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By the time of the 1836 election, what had emerged in American politics?
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new two party system
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Who were the candidates in the 1836 election?
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Democrats: Martin Van Buren Republicans: 3 Candidates
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Who won?
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Martin Van Buren
