History 101 – Flashcards
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Early Byzantine civilization: What was Romanness?
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The term Byzantine derives from Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony. It's capital was Constantinople. It was the "Roman like"period. The state language was Latin. The political resembled the Roman Imperial model. They continued with the senate, which included the elder state men, who were the advisors and confer titles of Emperors. The tittle of Caesar was still used. Roman architecture still continued. The Byzantine Empire included Greece, Turkey, Levant, and Egypt.
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What was the language of law and government in the Romanness Period?
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Latin
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Iconography: What was it?
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Comes from Eikon image". It was visual work filled with bright colors depicting figures reverentially (Mary, Jesus, angels, saints, emperors). Icons were everywhere. Similar to idolatry. The Byzantines considered the images of holy people, mosaics and works of art to be the physical manifestation of the holy person depicted. Some were worshipped and considered a necessary part of Christian piety
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What was iconoclasm?
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Opposition to Idolatry. A movement that denied the holiness of icons, or religious images, and prohibited their worship or veneration. By teacher: Movement in 8 and 9th century, which banned icons in the Byzantine Empire.
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Justinian I: What did he do?
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He transformed law codes for the Byzantine Empire into Justinian Code. It was written in Latin and modeled from the 12 Tables. They were virtually identical. The major difference was that paganism was removed to reflect Christianity.
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Justinian I: What famous church did he build?
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Lavish construction project: Famous and largest church built in Constantinople that took three years to be built. The great dome stands out. It has survived 1,500 years. It depicts Christianity with Byzantine artwork. Church Hagia Sophia "Holy Wisdom
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Justinian I: What was his ultimate goal for the Byzantine Empire?
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To restore the empire to a unified territory, religion and culture; He acted on the goal to rebuild the Roman Empire. He launches a military campaign in the West to rebuild it. To launch a great military campaign to reconquer the west and rebuild the Roman Empire. They wanted to conquer the Germans.
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What was Greek Fire?
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It was a weapon that revolutionized the naval war fare. It was a chemical solutions "liquid fire" that was hurled on to the ships of the enemies form siphons and burst into flames on contact.
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WHAT WAS THE GREAT SCHISM?
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SPLIT. It was the split between the Eastern and Western Christian Churches. In 1054, relations between the Greek speaking Eastern of the Byzantine empire and the Latin speaking Western traditions within the Christian Church reached a terminal crisis. This crisis led to the separation between the Eastern and Western churches and is referred to as the Great Schism of 1054. The Christian Church split along doctrinal, theological, linguistic, political, and geographic lines. The split, the Great Schism of 1054, led to the development of the modern Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches
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What is the holiest city in Islam?
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Mecca, Saudi Arabia. Mecca is home to the Ka'ba, by majority description Islam's holiest site, as well as being the direction of Muslim prayer. What is algebra? Comes from Al-jabr "Reunion". It is any equation that has a variable
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What is algebra?
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Comes from Al-jabr "Reunion". It is any equation that has a variable.
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What is calligraphy?
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Art of fancy writing
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What are the FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM?
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Shahada. Profession of faith - monotheism. God Allah, Mahammad, the Prophet. 2. Salat - started at 3 but increased to Prayer 5 times a day facing the city of Mecca, were Muhammad was born. 3. Zakah - Charity( tax on possessions to be used for alms) 4. Sawn - Fasting during the month of Ramdan - (Sunrise to sunset) 5. Hajj - Pilgrimage to Mecca once in the lifetime
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What caused the Shiite-Sunni split in Islam?
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The split between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims was as a result of the argument on the caliphate selection since they could not come to an agreement as to who would succeed Prophet Muhammad. The split occurred in the decades immediately following the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632.
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What was a Caliph?
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Caliph is the tittle for the ruler of the Muslim community after Mohammad dies. There were 4 caliphs
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Islamic Calendar: How many days in a year?
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354 days (because of the lunar calendar)
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Islamic Calendar: How is each month determined?
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The were based on the phases of the moon. 1st day of every month was called hilal (crescent moon)
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What is the holiest month in the Islamic Calendar?
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The 9th month is the holiest when the Ramadan takes place. Is the month were Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset.
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Who were the Merovingians?
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The Merovingian Dynasty ruled the Frankish Kingdom (500-751). They adopted Christianity as official religion. Lukewarm relationship. Popes did not speak Latin, they spoke old Frankish (Germanic language)
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What resulted from the Carolingian Renaissance in terms of coinage and writing?
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Coinage - Silver coins: Deniers (were minted). Gold coins: Sol (unminted) 12 Deniers = 1 sol 2. Writing: created the miniscules: lowercase 24 letters of alphabet
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What famous work did Einhard write?
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He wrote Vita Carloi Magni (Life of Carlo Magno)
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What happened on Christmas Day in 800 CE in Charlemagne's life?
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He was coronated in Rome by Pope Leo III.
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What happened at the Treaty of Verdun in 843 CE?
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The treaty divided the Carolingean Empire into three Frankish kingdoms ruled by the three sons of Louis the Pious (the son and successor of Charlemagne) Split was as follows: a. Lothar: Central Third. Included Eastern France, Northern Italy b. Charles: Western Third: Western central France c. Louis: Eastern Third - Germany
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What were the THREE SCANDALS OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH during the Dark Age of the Church? Describe each of the three scandals?
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Simony: Selling of Church offices to laity (someone who was Catholic but not a priest or clergyman) 2. Lay investiture: Selling of church land to laity 3. Concubinage: Priests soliciting prostitutes (Catholic priests were allowed to be married before this).
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Who was the Antipope?
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Henry IV names excommunicated Bishop Wilbert 'Antipope Clement III'
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What happened at the Synod of Worms in 1076?
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Reichstag & Henry IV make a big deal and say Gregorian reforms are invalid. Pope Gregory VII is condemned.
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What happened at the Council of Melfi in 1089?
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The council of Melfi is convened by Pope Urban II to renew connections with the Byzantine Empire. Cardinals, Bishops, noblemen Commits to implementation of reforms Opens door to Byzantine officials, rescinds excommunication of Alexius I Communication between East and West is better. Deals start working out.
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What happened at the Council of Clermont in 1095?
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Pope Urban II calls for the First Crusade. The rallying cry DEUS VULT ("God wills it" ) erupts and becomes the slogan for the campaign. The objective was to take control of Jerusalem. 40,000 volunteers.
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Who was the Pope that called for the first crusade?
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Pope Urban II
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Who was the Byzantine Emperor who was seeking military help from the West?
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Emperor Alexius I turned to the West for help, resulting in the declaration of "holy war" by Pope Urban II at Clermont (France) that began the First Crusade.
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WHAT WAS A PAPAL BULL?
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It was a formal proclamation issued by the pope Nicholas that stated: a. Cardinals only can elect the pope b. Cardinals only can be elected pope c. In Nomine Domine (In the name of the Lord) d. People could still use Simon to make themselves Pope through buying their way to become a Cardinal
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What was a papal encyclical?
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It was a letter unbinding view of Catholic views and matters.
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First Crusade: Who is the enemy force the Crusaders are fighting against?
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Seljuk Turks
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What was the outcome of the First Crusade?
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Jerusalem is captured and the order was to kill the inhabitants of the city.
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Crusader States: What were the names of the four Crusader States?
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The states were the Kingdom of Jerusalem, County of Tripoli, principality of Antioch, and County of Edessa
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Second and Third Crusades: What happened? Who won? Who were involved in the events between the two campaigns?
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On the 2nd crusade the city of Edessa falls to the Turks. On the 3rd crusade, the Turks were prepared but the crusade was a disaster. The city of Edessa is lost. Muslims won 2nd crusade: Syria & Egypt were with Saldin, Pope had France and England
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Fourth Crusade: What happened?
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What happened in the 4th Crusade? The Byzantines were the suppliers. The crusaders enter Constantinople and the Emperor offers assistance. However, he doesn't have supplies. They provided too much to the previous crusade. It was the shortest crusade. It was the 1st time that Constantinople was sacked. They never reached Jerusalem.
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WHAT WAS THE TEMPLAR ORDER OF KNIGHTS?
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They were among the most skilled fighting units of the Crusades. This order was the most famous in the middle ages. It was created after the 1st Crusade. They had three oaths: Poverty, obedience, chastity. They needed to sell everything. Money would go to the order to supply horses, food, etc.
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WHY WERE THE TEMPLAR ORDER OF KNIGHTS FORMED?
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It was an order created to protect pilgrims on their journey to visit the Holy Places
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WHAT WERE THE PRIVILEGES FOR BEING A TEMPLAR KNIGHT AFTER 1139?
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The Templears were transferred to Church authority and have free passage in "Christian Lands". Their only law was the Church law
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WHAT WAS THE FATE OF THE TEMPLAR ORDER OF KNIGHTS?
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King Philip IV of France talked to Pope Clement V. The papal bull is repealed and the Templars are no longer under church protection. There was a Templars' Purge in October 1307 and many were arrested. The superstition of Friday 13 comes from this part of history
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Gulephs versus Ghibellines: What was the difference between the two factions? Who won the war?
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The Guelps were the Church party and the Ghibellines were the Imperial Party. The Ghelps win
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Black Guelphs versus White Guelphs: What was the difference between the two factions? Who won the war?
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White guelphs favored independence and black guelphs - Papal state rule. The black guelphs win.
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What faction was Dante a member of?
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Dante was a member of the White Guelphs.
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What was Dante's punishment?
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Dante (white ghelps) is exiled from Florence in 1301.
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What were the three books in Dante's Divine Comedy?
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Inferno, purgatorio, paradise. A classic epic combined with Christian theology inspired by the Aeneid. It shaped the Christian view of the afterlife.
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Bubonic Plague: Why was it called the Black Death?
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It was a plague caused by the Yersinia Pestis bacteria. It was a bacteria infection that attached the circulatory system. The carrier of the disease were the rats. The rats carried infested flees that live in their backs. Symptoms: Sneezing, coughing, fatigue, acral necrosis (red spots) skin decay. The disease was called black death because the symptoms produced a blackening of the skin around the swellings. They were red at first, but later turned a dark purple, or black.
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Bubonic Plague: Why was it so deadly in Europe, more so than the Islamic world or anywhere else?
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Because of overcrowded cities, no animals to hunt rats and poor hygiene, i.e. sewage treatment, bathing, rat infested cities
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What is a renaissance?
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The humanistic revival of classical art, architecture, literature, and learning that originated in Italy in the 14th century and later spread throughout Europe. There were advances in art, science, philosophy, and technology. There was the questioning of the Church leadership in the west. The plague launched the renaissance, as it caused enormous damage to the Italians. There was massive depopulation.
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Italian Renaissance: Geocentric versus Heliocentric view of the universe. What was each?
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Before Galileo, earth was believed to be the center (Geocenter view). Everything revolved around it. Galileo proved it wrong and established the Heliocenter view stating that the sun was the center of everything. Everything revolved around it.
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LEONARDO DA VINCI: WHAT WAS SFUMATO?
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He was a Florentine painter borne in 1452 who invented the artistic technique of sfumato. Ie. Monalisa (1504), the Last Supper (1495-1498). It was a smoke filled technique instrumental in painting human form. It was used to convey more emotion and reality. With smoke you can draw limits.
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Who was Galileo?
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He was a scientist who used to study the planets . Eh discovered moons around jupiter. He discovered 4 moons. However, nowadays, it is know that there are 68 moons total around Jupiter. He also stated that the solar system worked like a clock and that planets orbited around the sun and the moons orbited around the planets. He was sentenced and called heretic. He lived in obscurity.
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Who was Michelangelo?
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Florentine sculptor who did the David sculpture In visual art, he created the Sistine Chapel Ceiling fresco (1508-1512), which depicts scenes from the Bible/book of Genesis' the creation story and the gift of life
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WHAT WAS THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION?
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against the catholic church; The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious movement of the that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants.
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Protestant Reformation: What was Sola Fide?
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Lutheran Salvation based on faith alone
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Protestant Reformation: What was Sola Gratia?
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Catholic salvation good faith and good works don't matter. Everything is Predestined.
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Protestant Reformation: Whose movements embraced which of those doctrines mentioned above (Sola Fide and Sola Gratia) for salvation?
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Lutheranism embraced Sola Fide and Calvinism embraced Sola Gratia
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How did that (Sola Fide and Sola Gratia) differ from the Catholic Church?
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Calvinists adopted an organization that magnifies regional and local authority. Boards of presbyters or elders represented the individual congregations of Calvinists directly shaping policy. Attractive to proponents of decentralization. Catholicism says priests should not marry and instead devote themselves to the preaching of the Bible, Lutherans believe that priests should be allowed to marry, thus emphasizing family units as well as preaching
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Why does Henry VIII break away from the Catholic Church?
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He wanted a son and his wife could not give it to him. He wanted to continue his legacy. He thought the only way out was divorce.
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What happened at the Council of Trent?
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The Council of Trent took place as a response to the Protestant Reformation. Popes and Cardinals were included. Objective: 1. Compromise and reach out to those Christians who left the Church 2. Declare all Protestants as heretics The effect of the Council: It created tension between 2 groups and led to the "Thirty Years War" (1618-1648).
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What essay does Luther write?
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He wrote 95 Theses, which condemns the acts of the Catholic Church. A numbered list of Luther's objections in response to the corruption of the Catholic church was posted on the door
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What invention makes these movements successful?
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The Printing press
