Hist3714 – Flashcard

from 1945 to 1952, more than 250,000 Jews lived in camps and urban centres in Germany, Austria and Italy. Facilitated by United Nations Helped families reconnect. They transformed camps into active cultural and social centers.

Held to ensure the cooperation of Nazi officials, administrative leaders of various government departments with the final solution. Significance is that the cooperation of these officials meant that everyone knew what would happen and no one intervened.

Resulted in genocide of Herero people. · Many scholars argued that this was one of the first genocide in the 20th century. · German South West Africa was a German settlement colony, their principal activity was herding. · Germans involved themselves in political struggle with Herero chiefs. · They exploited the situation by purchasing lands. · Herero community got less power and became dependant in Germans. · This led to conflict that would end in war.

Sinti and Roma gypsies were arrested were forced to relocate to this camp, they were limited in lifestyle. Idea to clean the streets for the 1936 Olympics, local Berlin newspapers headlined the project. The camp was near cemeteries and sewage. Preliminary stage to camps for genocide

Concentration camp established in current day Czech Republic Tens of thousands died by being killed, malnutrition or disease Nazis adapted walled town of Theresienstadt and made it into a ghetto Interned Jews of Bohemia, Moravia, Netherlands and Denmark, elderly Jews and people of special merit Presented as a model settlement for propaganda purposes Served as transit camp en route to extermination camps Supply the German war effort with source of Jewish slave labor

Polish-Jewish Lawyer, emigrated to the United States in 1941 Coined the term 'genocide' in his book, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress (1944) Defined genocide as "the destruction of a nation or of an ethnic group" Made from the ancient Greek word genos (race, tribe) and the Latin cide (killing)

Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann fled from Austria and made his way to Argentina where he lived under the name Ricardo Klement In May 1960, Israeli Security Service agents seized Eichmann in Argentina and took him to Jerusalem for trial in an Israeli court. Eichmann testified from a bulletproof glass booth. Trial aroused international interest, bringing Nazi atrocities to the forefront of world news Testimonies of Holocaust survivors, especially those of ghetto fighters such as Zivia Lubetkin, generated interest in Jewish resistance. The trial prompted a new openness in Israel; many Holocaust survivors felt able to share their experiences as the country confronted this traumatic chapter. Israeli attorney general Gideon Hausner signed a bill of indictment against Eichmann on 15 counts, including crimes against the Jewish people and crimes against humanity. Eichmann was found guilty and sentenced to death The execution of Adolf Eichmann remains the only time that Israel has enacted a death sentence.

Recruited by the US War Refugee Board (WRB) in June 1944 to travel to Hungary. Given status as a diplomat by the Swedish legation, Wallenberg's task was to do what he could to assist and save Hungarian Jews. Led one of the most extensive and successful rescue efforts during the Holocaust. His work with the WRB and the World Jewish Congress prevented the deportation of tens of thousands of Hungarian Jews to the Auschwitz-Birkenau killing center. Distributed certificates of protection issued by the Swedish legation to Jews in Budapest Used WRB and Swedish funds to establish hospitals, nurseries and a soup kitchen, and to designate more than 30 "safe" houses that together formed the core of the "international ghetto" in Budapest. The international ghetto was reserved for Jews and their families holding certificates of protection from a neutral country.

Granted a degree of autonomy within ghettos as long as they carried out German orders (self-administration) Experiences differ for council members as they were privileged members of communities who received better rations, often last to be deported Councils shouldn't be viewed as collaborators in same manner as local officials who did the killing actions themselves since they had no choice in collaboration. By working it increased chance for survival since resistance would have been a certain death. Germans ordered Jewish communities to establish Jewish councils to act as intermediaries between communities and German authorities Responsible for health programs, orphanage, aid to refugees, schooling, food rationing Raul Hilberg Traditionally leaders always made appeal to higher powers to resolve situations and had often worked. This didn't work in case of Holocaust since authorities themselves wanted to kill them Response of councils was a failure by Jewish leaders Hannah Arendt Reports published about Eichmann trials she condemned Jewish councils and police forces for collaborating Been better without leaders since it would have been chaos and harder to organize these communities Significant as it demonstrated the sense of ambiguity of how we judge actions and grey zones where it is difficult to judge actions of individuals

The German government decreed the Nuremberg Race Laws (Reich Citizenship Law and Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor) on September 15, 1935. Laws institutionalized many of the racial theories underpinning Nazi ideology. Legalized persecution of Jews in Germany, excluding them from Reich citizenship and prohibiting them from marrying or having sexual relations with persons of "German or German-related blood." Deprived German Jews of most political entitlements, including the right to vote or hold public office. Represented a major shift from traditional antisemitism, which defined Jews by religious belief, to a conception of Jews as members of a race, defined by blood and by lineage. Identified a "Jew" as someone with three or four Jewish grandparents. Many Germans who had not practiced Judaism or who had not done so for years found themselves caught in the grip of Nazi terror. Even people with Jewish grandparents who had converted to Christianity could be defined as Jews.

Part of the "Operation Reinhard" camps system which is significant as it is the most deadly phase of Final Solution Constructed to kill Jews in mostly Poland but included others in Europe as well Use concealed gas chambers and the work of doctors (use of carbon monoxide) Operated between 23 July 1942 to 19 October 1943 Purpose of these camps was to kill Jews, very few worked in the camps and most murdered on arrival 700,000 to 900,000 Jews killed along with 2,000 Romani More people killed here than any other extermination camp (apart from Auschwitz) Dismantled ahead of Soviet advance

Example of the Nazi persecution of mentally and physically disabled "Euthanasia" (policy of systematic murder and not about mercy killings as we know it) Program established for institutionalized adults Form would be sent to institutions asking about non-aryan blood, visitors, etc. Doctors would go through forms and decided who should be kept alive or die Some used injection and poison, shower rooms were used too with gas (experiment) Program was in secret and not public knowledge Hitler signed document authorizing these "mercy killing" and associating with demands of war (backdated) Public found out about gas being used, saw transport buses, smoke was seen from crematoria, workers would go to bar and let things slip, doctors would make mistakes (write letter to family saying death caused by appendicitis when patient had it removed earlier) Halt to program Resistance came through churches which were involved in many social institutions and became aware of such killings Pope Pius XII denounced such killings Cardinal August Count von Galen took a stand against these killings and sentiments were duplicated across Germany (popular and strong following) Nazis couldn't do anything since they didn't want to lose public opinion at the start of war by targeting a popular cardinal Nazis were always concerned about public opinion of Germans Shows that Nazis did not force all beliefs, doctors/scientists often pushed these ideas and the Nazis simply took them to the next level Programs continued though in eastern occupied territories even though T-4 was officially halted (happened in secret though in Germany through overdose of medication or starvation by nurses) shows the differences between Nazi policy in Germany and in occupied Europe (importance of public opinion)

Was an exhibit that ran originally from 1995 -1999. The exhibit was criticised for incorrectly labelling photos that were actually of Soviet POW's. After carefully being reviewed, the exhibit was reopened. The documentary The Unknown Soldier compares the two versions of the exhibit. This also demonstrates the tensions during the cold war.

A special program organized by private citizens brought the some ten thousand Jewish children from Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland to Great Britain. most of these children would never see their parents again This program allowed many of these children to survive the war. These were children who arrived in Britain in 1939 The program demonstrates how the people of Britain were trying to help those being persecuted in Germany and elsewhere.

Since 1871 the German Criminal code had outlawed sexual relations between men. Hitler really started to crack down on it once he came into power. Berlin had a small but vibant gay community. Police had been known to harassed men who were suspected of being homosexual even before Hitler came to power. June 1935 Paragraph 175 was expanded to include the definition of "criminally indecent activities between men." This meant that men who demonstrated any amount of physical intimacy with another man could be prosecuted. Shows how the Nazi's were going against any minority group. However gays were extremely unpopular at this time and people did not speak up for them. Also homosexuals were believed to be counter productive because they could not produce new aryans.

night of November 9th, 1938 - night of broken glass Stromtrooper and other Nazi activist went out and attacked the shops and houses of Jewish persons. The Nazi were hoping for a positive response to this. But the German public was not excited about the mess it had made. However no one protested what had been done but rather went about their day to day lives. This was the last open pogrom in Germany.

-German Nationalist who joined the Nazi party and became an SS Officer assigned to Hygiene Institute to aid in "Final Solution" -Highly Christian, and this conflicted with the ideals of the Nazi party -Began feeding information to aid in the resistance movement and inform the public of the atrocities of the holocaust -Expelled from the Nazi party after caught preparing anti-Nazi pamphlets -Although he became an anti-Nazi while serving his time as a soldier, he did not stop carrying out Nazi orders and in fact was in power during many mass murders of the Jews

-Nazi German Order Police under charge of SS -Occupied Poland: guarding prisoners, expulsion of Poles *Major contributors to the mass murder of Jews through rifle lines and especially ghettos and concentration camps

-Polish Jew, head of the council of elders (part of the Jewish Council, Judenrat), transformed the Jewish ghetto of Lodz into an industrial manufacturing hub which produced war supplies -He believed industrialization would allow the Jews to survive as it would keep them accountable and occupied allowing them to be spared from atrocity -His power in the ghetto along with his willingness to please Nazi leaders made him very controversial as many found him to be arrogant and a Nazi sympathizer while others saw him as clever as Lodz ghetto stayopened longer than the Warsaw ghetto

A plan of the Nazi Regime to relocate all Jews to the island of Madagascar -At the time, Madagascar was a french colony and the Germans would have demanded it be surrendered to Germany -This idea was investigated for its plausibility by the Polish government, and it was determined that it would not be successful as it could not hold the entire Jewish population -This idea was later revisited and given the stamp of approval by Hitler who implemented this plan with the idea that the entire Jewish population would be able to be achieved in a 4 year span, however, this was never carried out as the Nazis were defeated in the Battle of Britain

The first large scale urban revolt occurring in May 1943. Jewish rebels had little support initially, the Jewish Fighting Organization had less than 500 fighters, however they were able to organize the largest armed resistance. Germans had initially intended to liquidate the Warsaw Ghetto in January 1943, however they were met with resistance. In late April, the Germans returned prepared for the resistance. By this time, the Jews were well prepared with numerous underground bunkers and passages. They held off the Germans for four weeks. The Nazis smoked out the bunkers and crushed the resistance, the human costs were high. Many were shot on the spot or trapped under rubble, the rest were sent to labour camps and killing centres. According to the author of the textbook although the uprising had intended to save Jewish lives, it only did so for a time. The initial uprising stopped deportations, eventually, the Germans returned and dealt with the resistance more brutally. The uprisings may have led to the Germans using increased force and speed to liquidate the remaining ghettos. The symbolic and moral importance as the assertion of life cannot be underestimated.

Prior to 1943, there had been exemptions to German- Jews being deported due to marital connections as the Nazis wanted to stay in good standing with their voter base. in early 1943 Nazis decided that the remaining Jews should be deported, arresting them at factories and locking them in a building on Rosenstrasse (street of roses) in preparation for them to be deported and then killed. gentile wives of those locked in the building gathered to protest the arrests and to demand their release they were joined by sympathizers until there were several thousand people participants. Although the Nazis were 'furious' they were not willing to open fire on the German population. The protest was successful as the Nazis decided to release those inside the buildings in order to appease the protesting Germans. Many of the prisoners would go on to survive the war significance→ Germans were still responsible to German citizens and were not willing to open fire on them, Germans had decided that although they hoped to remain in good standing with Germans, Jews had to go, public resistance was successful in saving lives of many

held by Roosevelt in July of 1938 in response to the increasing number of Jewish refugees fleeing Europe 32 countries participated, including Palestine, although their representative was not allowed to speak and participated as an observer Ended in failure as all countries refused to accept substantially more refugees this meant that Jews would have no place to escape in response to this conference, Hitler had responded that if they were to accept more refugees than he would help them get there.

examples of German resistance to the Nazis Part of the White Rose formed in 1942 by a professor at University of Munich had previously been enthusiastic Nazis, but had reconsidered their position as students White Rose printed leaflets decrying the crimes of Nazis and were arrested for spreading malicious and defeatist rumours against the state. Sophie said, "what we have written is in all your minds, but you lack the courage to say it aloud." they, and others in the White rose were later executed. significance→ shows that there was German resistance and how the resistance was handled. Also Sophie's quote is pretty damn powerful and shows the bystander effect

-May 1942, conducted in complete secrecy, action to hide evidence that people had been murdered by Nazi Germany in Poland (destroy Holocaust evidence) -used prisoners in chain gang style work groups to exhume mass graves and burn bodies, bombings of bodies, grind machines on railway tracks, -concealed evidence of Nazi death squad massacres (included both Jew and non-Jewish documents) -SS, Paul Blobel was in charge and at the Nuremburg trials was sentenced to death and subsequently hung

-Mass murder of all Jews in Kiev -Considered one of the largest single mass killing carried out by the Nazis -Babi Yar is a location, a ravine in Ukraine capital area of Kiev -Aimed at campaigning against the Soviet Union