question

Pre-Modern China

answer

NOT backward and closed Advanced early empire Intercourse with the world Part of a world in transition

question

Chinese world order

answer

Based in diplomatic traditions Tribute system with tribute partners

question

Tributary Relationship

answer

Mutual benefits Diversity of Tribute experience

question

Qing Diplomacy

answer

hierarchical superiority of written word bilateral high degree of official control

question

Qin Dynasty

answer

221-206 BCE First unification of China centralized administration standardized writing weights and measures

question

Han Dynasty

answer

206 BCE- 220 AD first viable unification of China introduction of Confucian teaching and state orthodoxy

question

Tang Dynasty

answer

618-907 AD Golden Age of art and culture

question

Song Dynasty

answer

960-1276 AD China becomes world leader in economic development, numeracy, literacy

question

Yuan Dynasty

answer

1271-1368 AD founded by non-Chinese northern nomads (Mongols), led by Chinggis Khan

question

Ming Dynasty

answer

1368-1644 Return of Chinese rule to China

question

Qing Dynasty

answer

1644-1912 Founded by non-Chinese northern nomadic peoples (Manchus), led by Nurhaci

question

Forbidden City

answer

enormous palace complex in heart of Beijing originally built in 1410s 24 emperors ruled from palace btw 1421 and 1911 revolution

question

Kowtow

answer

ritual sign of respect consists of 3 kneelings and 9 prostrations

question

Confucius

answer

551-479 BCE -scholar/official of Chinese state of Lu -roughly contemporary with Buddha and Plato -created philosophy for organizing society based upon five hierarchal human relationships (father/son, ruler/subject, husband/wife, older brother/younger brother, friend/friend) -teachings became state orthodoxy during the Han period

question

Zheng He (Cheng Ho)

answer

imperial eunuch commander of great Ming maritime expeditions (1405-33)

question

Regular Qing Tributaries in 1700s

answer

In order of most to least frequent: Korea Ryukyu Vietnam Siam Sulu Islands Holland "Western Ocean" ie Portugal/Papacy Burma Laos

question

Pre-Modern Korea

answer

NOT Hermit Kingdom Rather, advanced empire Had intercourse w/ world (just not West)

question

Pre-Modern Korean Diplomacy

answer

Joseon Korea as model Confucian state Korea and Qing China Korea and Tokugawa Japan Korean "world order" also, Korea in transition

question

Goguryeo, Shilla and Baekje

answer

Three kingdoms that dominated Korean peninsula from first century CE

question

North and South States period

answer

400-600 CE marked by growing Shilla power on Korean peninsula, Goguryeo power in North

question

Goryeo (Koryo) Dynasty

answer

918-1392 first unification of Korea capital port city in Kaesong

question

Joseon (Choson) Dynasty

answer

1392-1910 founded by Yi Seong-gye based on Confucian model

question

King Taejo

answer

1335-98 born Yi Seong-gye overthrew Goryeo Dynasty to found Joseon reigned 1392-8

question

Gyeongbokgung Palace

answer

Constructed by Yi Seong-gye in Cihnese style when he relocated capital of Joseon Dynasty to Seoul Reduced to ashed in Japanese invasion of 1592 Destroyed again under Japanese colonial rule in 1915 Replaced by colonial Japanese headquarters

question

Tokugawa Japan

answer

1600-1800 NOT closed and backward had pre-modern accomplishments interacted with Asia also in time of transition

question

Japanese World Order

answer

Mirrored Chinese World Order: hierarchy (shogun at center) superiority of written world bilateral high degree of official control

question

Nara era

answer

710-84 CE emergence of centralized Japanese state around the imperial court in Heijo-kyo (modern day Nara)

question

Heian era

answer

710-1185 golden age of imperial rule headquartered in western Japan (Kyoto)

question

Kamakura Shogunate

answer

1185-1333 beginning of samurai rule headquartered in eastern Japan (Kamakura is near Edo/present day Tokyo)

question

Muromachi era

answer

1333-1568 military govt. moves to Kyoto Japan engages in Chinese "tribute" system

question

Warring states period

answer

1467-1600 era of civil strife from Onin War (1467-77) to Tokugawa victory at Battle of Sekigahara (1600) Disruption of regular trade/tribute

question

Tokugawa Era

answer

1600-1868 known as "the Great Peace" over 250 years of domestic tranquility highly regulated relations w/ outer world under authority of Tokugawa family

question

Bakufu

answer

Military govt. of samurai begins in Kamakura period

question

Shogun

answer

title of military rulers from Kamakura through Tokugawa eras In Tokugawa era, ruled in Edo

question

Zheng Chenggong (Koxinga)

answer

half-Japanese Ming loyalist Kept Formosa out of reach of Manchus until 1683 subject of popular Japanese play during Tokugawa era--helped to delegitimize Chinese cultural hegemony in Japan

question

Tokugawa Ieyasu

answer

1542-1616 Warrer founder of Tokugawa regime

question

Toyotomi Hideyoshi

answer

1536-1598 one of three unifiers of Tokugawa Japan waged war against Korea (1592-98) with ultimate aim of conquering China

question

Early East-West Contact

answer

Defined by: Missionaries Merchants Canton System in China (and similar system in Japan)

question

Cohong

answer

-Chinese merchant guild comprised of specially designated "hong" merchants -Established in 1720 to regulate foreign commerce in Canton

question

Hoppo

answer

Chinese superintendent of maritime customs at Canton

question

Silk Road

answer

-Series of trade routes across Central Asia -Carried silk, lacquer, ceramics and furs from China to Rome -Developed from 2nd century BC on

question

Daiymo

answer

Japanese samurai heads of feudal fiefs

question

Francis Xavier

answer

1506-1552 Spanish priest Cofounder of Society of Jesus First missionary to Japan in 1601

question

Matteo Ricci

answer

1552-1610 Italian Jesuit priest First westerner allowed to reside in Beijing in 1601

question

Johann Adam Schall von Bell

answer

1591-1666 German Jesuit Arrived in China in 1622 Appointed director of Imperial Bureau of Astronomy in 1644 -- position was held by a Jesuit for next 150 yrs.

question

Hendrik Hamel

answer

1630-92 employee of Dutch EIC spent 13 years in Korea as member of Korean King's Guard after becoming shipwrecked on Jeju Island Published his story in 1668

question

Dutch and British East India Companies

answer

-Joint stock companies -Given monopoly to trade in East Indies and India, respectively, by respective crowns -built and armed outposts, forts and factories -developed navies and carrying fleets -eventually grew into full-fledged govts. in East Indies and India, respectively

question

Canton System

answer

-Trade confined to Canton -Only authorized agents permitted to trade (Hoppo, hong merchants in Cohong) -foreigners confined to 13 factories -foreigners subject to Chinese law -Controlled trade confined to one port trade restricted to authorized merchants high, irregular duties on imports foreigners subject to local law -Hierarchy no official foreign representation petition -Bilateral tribute

question

Qianlong (Ch'ien-lung)

answer

Chinese emperor (1736-99)

question

Lin Zexu (Lin Tse-Hsu)

answer

-scholar-official from Fujian province -made his name as governor general of Hubei province -appointed as imperial commissioner at Canton (1838) -charged with ending opium trade

question

Lady Hughes Incident

answer

Incident of negligent homicide in 1784 Canton Exemplified legal conflicts of the Canton system

question

Country trade

answer

-trade conducted by private individuals within the commercial domain of the East India companies -ex: Jardine Matheson & Co.(U.K.) and Russell & Co. (U.S.)

question

Lord George Macartney

answer

special British emissary to Peking (1793)

question

Adam Smith

answer

-author of Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776) -rejected dominant mercantilist economic theories for idea of a natural economic order free from the state influence (laissez faire) -characterized China as dying civilization unable to sustain its considerable achievements if did not open to foreign commerce

question

Lord William Napier

answer

-1785-1860 -British soldier, military historian -appointed in 1834 first British superintendent of trade at Canton

question

Treaty of Nanjing

answer

-Signed Aug. 1842 -abolish Cohong monopoly in Canton trade -recognize UK possession of Hong Kong -open 5 ports to Brit residence, commerce, and consulates -establish "fair" and regular tariff -indemnity to UK

question

Treaty of Tianjin

answer

-Signed 1858 -British ambassador to reside in Peking -2.5% fee on foreign imports -protection of open preaching of Christianity -standard weights and measures at all ports -travel anywhere in China -official communication in English -trade up the Yangzi as far as Hankou -character for barbarian no longer to be used -4 new Yangzi treaty ports open -ships hunting pirates free to enter any port -an additional 6 treaty ports open -set duty on opium

question

Emperor Qianlong to King George III, 1794

answer

"We have never valued ingenious articles, nor do we have the slightest need of your country's manufactures. Therefore, O king, as regards your request to send someone to remain at the capital, while it is not in harmony with the regulations of the Celestial Empire we also feel very much that it is of no advantage to your country."

question

Motivations for early West-Japan Interaction

answer

-Western interest in China -Japan part of Asian carrying trade

question

US interest in China

answer

-Whaling? Not so much -China -Westward expansion -Technology -US on world stage

question

Treaty Port System

answer

-Open trade opened at several ports trade opened to private merchants low, standard duties on imports extraterritoriality -Diplomatic Equality resident ministers treaty -Multilateral most-favored nation

question

Matthew Perry

answer

1794-1858 -As Commander of Gulf Fleet, was hero of Mexican War -one of strongest advocates of US Navy steam power -negotiated Treaty of Kanagawa (1853-4), marking beginning of treaty port system

question

Edo

answer

name for Tokyo during Tokugawa period

question

Deshima

answer

small man-made island in Nagasaki Bay (west Japan) to which Dutch merchants were confined in Tokugawa era

question

Kanagawa Treaty

answer

-signed March 1854 -open two ports to U.S. ships seeking coal and provisions (Shimoda and Hakodate) -proper treatment to American ships and crews in distress -eventual permission for an American consul in Shimoda

question

U.S. commercial treaty with Japan

answer

-signed July 1858 -fixed import and export tariff at 5% ad valorem -extraterritoriality and foreign law courts -a resident minister in Edo -5 ports to be opened to trade (Hakodate, Nagasaki, Kobe, Kanagawa, Niigata) -consuls at the treaty ports -foreigners admitted to Ōsaka and Edo

question

Busan (Pusan)

answer

-from 15th century, Korea's most important trading port -following Japanese invasions of 1590's, Japanese traders confined to a "Japan House" in Choryang, walled off from main city -today, the 5th busiest seaport by cargo tonnage

question

Liu-ch'iu Islands (Ryukyus)

answer

-Sovereignty disputed by China and Japan -ends tribute to China in 1875 -incorporated into Japanese empire in 1879

question

Meiji Restoration/Meiji Period

answer

-occurs in 1868 -end of Tokugawa rule in the name of a "restoration" of the emperor -beginning of modern Japan -Meiji period lasts 1868-1912

question

Nihon shoki (Chronicles of Japan)

answer

-One of Japan's earliest histories -Compiled in 720 and described Japan as "land of the gods" and the three Korean kingdoms as tributary powers

question

Pre-modern Japanese-Korean relations

answer

-Korean tribute irregular -diplomatic parity -no Japanese merchants or reps. beyond Busan

question

Treaty of Ganghwa (Kanghwa)

answer

-signed 1876 -Korean declared an autonomous state -2 more ports in addition to Busan to be opened -Japanese consular jurisdiction at trade ports -Japanese ships permitted to survey Korean waters

question

Comprador

answer

Chinese business managers hired by foreign firms in China after the dissolution of the Canton system

question

Imperial Maritime Customs Service

answer

an internationally staffed bureaucracy established in 1861 to survey the collection of revenue at China's various ports

question

Taiping Rebellion

answer

-1851-64 -a military and social movement that sought to overthrow the Qing -lead by Hong Xiuquan (1814-64)- claimed to be brother of Jesus Christ and aimed to establish a "Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" -Western mercenaries Frederick Townsend Ward and Charles "Chinese" Gordon were hired by the Chinese to help suppress the rebellion -ultimately claimed 20 million Chinese lives

question

Robert Hart

answer

-1835-1911 -British consular official of Irish descent, became Inspector General of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs in 1863

question

Shanghai, Yokohama, Busan

answer

principal treaty ports in China, Japan, and Korea, respectively

question

Modernization

answer

-China, Japan and Korea embarked upon movements primarily for technological reform from the mid-19th century -"self-strengthening" in China -"rich country, strong military" in Japan -all three countries employed numerous foreign advisers for this purpose

question

Denbei

answer

-Japanese fisherman castaway -picked up in Kamchatka, taken to St. Petersburg in 1702 -organized first Japanese language school there

question

Nakahama Manjirô

answer

-1827-1898 -Japanese castaway -educated in America -became official translator on Japan's first official mission to the West

question

Board of Rites

answer

-institution of the Chinese bureaucracy charged with performance of Confucian rites -had traditionally dealt with tributary affairs

question

Lifan Yuan (Office of Border Affairs)

answer

-Chinese office established in 1638 -dealt with relations with China's northern neighbors: the Mongols, Zunghars, and Russians

question

Zongli Yamen (Tsungli Yamen)

answer

-Chinese Office for the Management of the Business of All Foreign Countries -established in 1861

question

Zeng Guofan (Tseng Kuo-fan)

answer

-1811-72 -eminent Han Chinese official, military general and Confucian scholar -raised the Xiang Army to fight the Taiping Rebellion -representative of "self-strengthening" movement of latter 19th century China

question

King Gojong (Kojong)

answer

-1852-1919 -26th king of Joseon Dynasty, reigned 1863-1907 -assumed direct royal rule in 1873 (from the ruling regent, his father) -embarked upon dramatic reforms, including Ganghwa Treaty, political, military and economic reform

question

Daewongun

answer

-1821-1989 -Lord of the Great Court -given name, Yi Ha-ung -father of King Kojong, who ruled as regent for his son, 1864-73

question

Queen Min

answer

-1851-1895 -King Kojong's consort -representative of conservative, pro-China faction in Seoul -assassinated by Japanese in 1895

question

Anson Burlingame (1820-70)

answer

Retiring American minister to Beijing who volunteered his services to the Qing to lead one of the first Chinese missions abroad in 1868

question

Donghak (Eastern Learning) Rebellion

answer

-1894 -a renovationist, anti-Japanese peasant movement sparked by official corruption and economic distress -immediate catalyst of Sino-Japanese War

question

Yamagata Aritomo

answer

-1838-1922 -former Choshu samurai -founder of Imperial Japanese Army two-time prime minister, elder statesman

question

Li Hongzhang (Li Hung-chang)

answer

-1823-1901 -general/official who played major role in the self-strengthening movement in China -bypassed the Board of Rites and the Zongli Yamen to assume responsibility, in capacity as imperial commissioner for northern ports, of guiding Korean foreign policy for the Qing in 1879

question

Yuan Shikai (Yuan Shih-k'ai)

answer

-1859-1916 -leader of Beiyang (North China) army -served as associate director of Korean military affairs from 1882 -became first Chinese Director-General Resident in Korea of Diplomatic and Commercial Relations in 1885 -became Chinese president, 1913-16

question

Treaty of Shimonoseki

answer

-signed in 1895 -concluded Sino-Japanese War -Chinese recognition of "full and complete independence and autonomy of Korea -cession of Formosa, Pescadores Islands, Liaodong Penninsula to Japan -200 million taels indemnity -4 additional Chinese cities opened for commercial, industrial purpose

question

"The Imperial Order and Han Syntheses"

answer

-Discusses Confucianism -Confucianism combines humaneness and rightness -Ruler must endow people with good fortune --> they will support him

question

John Wills, "Embassies and Illusions"

answer

-Court saw itself as center of the world; actually ruled a quarter of mankind -foreigners got short, superficial audiences with emperor; incl. Europeans and other parts of Asia -Emperor did not really negotiate with Europeans — relations were on his terms

question

King T'aejo, "Founding Edict"/"Admonition to the New King"

answer

-Lists goals for new Choson king (wants to establish confucian state) -Invokes mandate of heaven

question

Ronald Toby, "Through the Looking-Glass of Protocol"

answer

-Tokugawa Japan left the Chinese order — wanted to create its own order, facilitate trade, etc. -Developed own system of rules/norms that governed diplomatic interactions -Order = Koreans, Ryukyus, Dutch, Chinese

question

"Ld Macartney's Cmmssn from Henry Dundas,"

answer

Letter from BEIC to those on Peking Mission -British traders are being treated with disregard -expresses importance of trade economically, and frustration with canton system -must perform all ceremonial rituals, etc. of the court -must take care to express the high regard the King has for the Emperor Emperor refused English proposals -thought of English as nothing more than a self-important vassal state -Britain's wishes are impractical— dynasty wont change centuries-established practice just bc UK wants them to -Chinese have no use for European things -China is condescending—gives kings gifts and says he should appreciate them calls english merchants Barbarians; says king is "inexcusably ignorant" of proper behavior with china -looks at UK as only one of many country vying for trade with China

question

"Memorial on Legalizing Opium"

answer

Suggests making trade legal and mandating that opium can only be traded to medical merchants in exchange for goods—> stop outflow of silver

question

Ssu-yü Teng, "Commr. Lin's Program"

answer

-Commissioner Lin wrote a letter to queen victoria—had righteous/moral tone -he had forced british merchants to give up opium stocks in canton, but was convinced it could only be truly cut off at the source

question

"Debates over Open Japan"

answer

After Commodore Perry's visit, some in Japan want to choose war over peace -will boost morale of people and unite the country -Japan will ultimately be victorious -peace would be a slippery slope—letting americans in will lead to russians and english also -shogun will fulfill his purpose Some argue for appeasement -at same time, should build new warships—will call them merchant vessels but will really be a navy—> will be a player at sea, rather than sitting at home

question

Edward McCauley, With Perry in Japan

answer

-American believes he is told many "tales" about Japanese custom and tradition -Americans' movements are very strictly monitored but treated with respect — give many gifts -Customs clash—ex: Japanese pocket lots of food at a banquet, Americans think this is rude/laughable

question

Ch'oe Ikhyon, "Memorial against Peace"

answer

-Peace is either an enemy plea or a sign of weakness -Peace will not solve problem that korea has been defenseless and afraid —> Japan will plunder us whenever they feel like it—> peace will not yield stability -Japanese and westerners are one and the same —> their influence will lead to conflict and ruin -Thus, must fight them -Korea is tributary state to china— must not regard Japanese emperor -Russia, American and Japan are all barbarian nations— are known for their greed -Korea must find away to protect itself in this tangled geopolitical environment

question

Kim Okkyun, "Kapsin Reform Edict"

answer

Long list of pro-Japanese/pro-modernization reforms

question

Pak Yonghyo, "Memorial on Domestic Political Reforms"

answer

-Part of pro-japanese reform coup -wanted peace, education, communication btw govt. and people, everyone have proper station in society -wanted king to reflect 3 times a day and share glory w/ people

question

"Journal of Townsend Harris"

answer

Townsend Harris = American official who negotiated commercial treaty of 1858 -was first american consul-general to Japan -believes his presence as "first diplomatic rep. received in Edo" has forced Japan to acknowledge rights of embassy -huge number of Japanese turned out to see him -has not seen a case of "squalid misery" since entering Japan (all ppl seem to be clean, fed, etc.) -Practices christianity openly, despite it being outlawed in Japan—is protected by American status three main asks: -reception of foreign ministers to reside in Edo -freedom of trade w/ Japan w/out govt. interference -opening of additional harbors -symbolic approval by the emperor was absolutely necessary, though govt. was to ensure he would answer in favor of treaty

question

"Yung Wing advises the Taiping and Zeng Guofan"

answer

-Yung Wing = first chinese person to get an american degree (at Yale) -tried to reform Taiping capital to accept reforms but failed -reforms advocated scientific/military/ economic modernization -Was commissioned to by western armaments later in life, and continued to press for reform -Witnessed industrialization in west

question

Liu His-hung, "Journal of a Voyage to England"

answer

-Westerns are profit-centric -Chinese consider their culture based on pursuit of righteousness rather than profit -Realizes that westerners don't just intend to occupy treaty ports/engage in commerce- had plans to develop railways across the country -worries chinese ppl will become pulled into westernization w/ commercial novelties, and chinese merchants seeking profit will also go along with west -methods of market cannot be used to govern an empire -tech./weapons are important, but they should be confined to the world of craftsmen—scholars should not engage with such things -In Japan, govt. is imposing westernization (incl. fashion, ettiquette, etc.)- but westerners only laugh at this/find it disgraceful

question

Excerpts from Overseas Diary of Lord Muragaki

answer

-Were sent as ambassadors to ratify a treaty of amity btw US and Japan for first time since Japanese seclusion -Remarked president is "dressed the same as merchants"—did not have decorations nor swords -Doubts whether american system of election will last long -Do not regard president as a sovereign, but treated him with courtesy owed to a kind due to diplomatic nature of visit -Discovered that americans attach little significance to class distinction, and have no manners of decorum -Wants to combine East-West relationship culture - wants decorum to be maintained, but combined with more genuine friendship

question

Fukuzawa Yukichi, "On de-Asianization"

answer

-Western civilization is like an epidemic — the East has no means of checking it, so it must join it -Japan's process is one of de-Asianization - adopt western law, science, military, govt., fashion, philosophy, etc. -Korea and China resemble each other more than Japan — do not know how to reform/make progress- remain emotionally attached to old traditions—> have no likelihood of maintaining independence -Japan must clearly separate itself from China and Korea and align with the west

question

Min Yonghwan, "One Policy out of a Thousand"

answer

-Korea is situated to be a recipient of Russian malice—> must reform internally to protect the state -Korea must also prepare to defend itself before Japan attacks -Korea is China's eastern bulwark—> China should care that Korea is suffering from anxiety over Japan and Russia -Is a precedent that when administration is neglected and controls become slack, rebellious people overthrow the dynasty—Korea is in danger of this now

HIST 395 Midterm – Flashcards

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards