question

cancer

answer

large group of over 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells

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cancer cell

answer

-it can invade other cells -replicate new damaged cells -decreased ability for cell death

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cancer contagious?

answer

-organ transplant screening for cancer cells -viruses: HPV, estien bar, HIV, herpes -bacteria: chlymedia, H pilori -parasites: cant worry about it in the US but exists in SE asia (not contagious overall)

question

immune system

answer

fights off cancer w/ antigen link some cancer cells protect themselves

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neoplasm

answer

growth of tissue that serves no physiological function

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tumor

answer

mass of neoplasmic cells

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malignant

answer

"cancerous", dangerous, harmful

question

benign

answer

"noncancerous", harmless

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metastasis

answer

process by which malignant tumors that are not enclosed in a protective capsule spread to other organs (look for lymph nodes closest to tumor)

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cancer spreads

answer

area of origin to other parts of body blood stream lymph vessels

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diagnosed by cancer

answer

by area of origin

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lymphatic system

answer

as extensive as the circulatory system

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lymph node biopsy

answer

sampling tissue

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lymph node biopsy

answer

often part of diagnostic process of rating cancer stage

question

cancer stage diagnosis

answer

Staging usually rated on a number scale (0-4) for the following parameters T: size of tumor and overgrowth N: lymph nodes M: metastasis, or distant areas of the body

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signs of cancer

answer

Depend on where it is, how big it is, and how much damage it is causing Lasting for a long time, or getting worse Unintentional weight loss Fever Fatigue Pain Skin change Others specific to the type of cancer

question

what to say

answer

respect their privacy Try to give them a sense of normalcy Offer support Be encouraging Communicate Be flexible Use humor, if appropriate Best not to share your stories

question

Carcinogenic:

answer

known to cause cancer/be linked to cancer ex. HPV

question

heredity risk of cancer

answer

factors that cannot be modified

question

environment risk or cancer

answer

factors that are potentially modifiable

question

lifetime risk of cancer

answer

probability that can individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer men- 1 in 2 women- 1 in 3

question

relative risk of cancer

answer

is the measure of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer

question

lifestyle risks of cancer

answer

tobacco alcohol 33%- poor nutrition, physical activity, and obesity

question

genetic risk of cancer

answer

5% of call cancers are hereditary (breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus, ovaries, and lungs)

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oncogenes

answer

cancer-causing agents

question

hormonal factors of cancer

answer

estrogen- breast cancer risk testosterone- liver cancer

question

nitrosamine

answer

when sodium nitrate is ingested forms a potential carcinogen

question

Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver cancer:

answer

stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the liver

question

Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer:

answer

Nearly 100% of women with cervical cancer have evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

question

Helicobacter pylori:

answer

causes ulcers, which are a major factor in the development of stomach cancer

question

Carcinomas:

answer

epithelial tissue

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Sarcomas:

answer

bones, muscle, vessels, connective tissue

question

Lymphomas:

answer

lymphatic tissue

question

Leukemias

answer

blood forming parts of the body (bone marrow, spleen)

question

Tests for detection

answer

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan Prostatic ultrasound Regular self-exams and checkups

question

How to manage cancer

answer

-Find out as much as possible about the cancer -Get a second opinion -Check out the credentials of the hospital, the surgeon, and the treatment specialist -Find local resources and support groups -Get the patient's personal ducks in a row -Know what insurance covers and what it doesn't cover -Mobilize family and friends to help

question

types of treatment

answer

surgery-cut tumor radiation- high beams on the cancer area chemotherapy-injecting poison

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new cancer treatment

answer

-Immunotherapy -Gene therapies -Angiogenesis inhibitors -Smart drugs -Enzyme inhibitors -Hyperthermia -Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -Stem cell research

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14% of 10.8 million cancer survivors

answer

were diagnosed 20 years ago

question

survivorship of cancer

answer

physical, psychological, emotional, and economic issues of cancer from diagnosis until the end of life.

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skin cancer

answer

most common form of cancer

question

malignant melanoma

answer

is the deadliest form

question

ABCD rule to detect melanoma

answer

Asymmetry: half of a mole does not look like the other half Border irregularity: the edges are uneven Color: pigmentation is not uniform Diameter: larger than a pea

question

Risk factors for cancer

answer

Being exposed to ultraviolet radiation without adequate skin protection Having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown hair; blue, green, or gray eyes Having skin that burns before tanning or burns easily and peels readily Lifetime sun/UV exposure The use of no or low-sun-protection sunscreens or expired suntan lotions Having had skin cancer in the past or having a family history of skin cancer Having experienced severe sunburns during childhood More than 50 common moles

question

prostate cancer (symptoms and risk factors)

answer

Symptoms: weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; need to urinate frequently; pain on urination; blood in the urine, or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs. Risk factors: age, race, family history, diet, and lifestyle

question

ovarian cancer

answer

The most common symptom is enlargement of the abdomen Risk factors: personal or family history of breast cancer, never having been pregnant, and the use of fertility drugs Prevention: involves maintaining a diet high in vegetables and low in fat, exercise, sleep, stress management, and having good weight-control habits.

question

cervical/uterine cancer

answer

Risk factors: Cervical: intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, smoking, certain STIs. Endometrial: age, endometrial hyperplasia, overweight, diabetes, high blood pressure

question

testicular cancer

answer

Men between the ages of 15 and 35 are at greatest risk Regular testicular self-exams important 96% 5-year survival rate, making it one of the most curable cancers.

question

leukemia

answer

Large category of malformed cell cancers of the blood Can be acute or chronic Can strike at any age Can be cureable, incurable, manageable, fatal Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, stem cells

question

lymphoma

answer

Among the fastest-growing cancers Cause is unknown, but a weakened immune system is suspected Treatments vary by type and stage Chemotherapy and radiation frequently used

question

allergies definition

answer

when the body makes antibodies (immune response) to a normally harmless environmental substance

question

histamines

answer

cause the inflammatory response when allergies occur

question

allergy symptoms

answer

-coughing -vomiting -diarrhea -wheezing etc

question

hay fever

answer

pollen allergy

question

immunotherapy

answer

(allergy shots) exposing the body to increasing doses as a way to desensitize allergens

question

food allergies

answer

triggered by milk, eggs, peanuts, other nuts, soybeans, wheat, fish, and shellfish symptoms: mouth swelling, breathing difficulty, stomach pain, and diarrhea

question

food intolerance

answer

A negative reaction to food that doesn't involve the immune system

question

symptoms of anaphylaxis

answer

Abdominal pain or cramping Confusion Diarrhea Difficulty breathing with wheeze or hoarse voice Dizziness, Fainting, lightheadedness Hives over different parts of the body Nausea/vomiting Rapid pulse, Sensation of feeling the heart beat

question

lung disease

answer

disorder that impairs lung function 4th leading cause of death in the US

question

asthma

answer

long term, chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of lungs

question

Physiological reaction of asthma

answer

Increased mucous production Spasms of the muscles lining the bronchioles Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles

question

extrinsic asthma

answer

runs in families Often goes away completely by adulthood Triggered by environmental allergen

question

Intrinsic or nonallergenic asthma

answer

may be triggered by anything except an allergy -Infections -Genetics -Exercise

question

controlling asthma

answer

Finding the most effective medications Determining and avoiding triggers

question

inflammatory bowl disease

answer

a group of disorders of unknown cause in which the intestines become inflamed Symptoms are severe and include stomach cramping, bloating, pain, and bouts of bloody diarrhea ages 15-35

question

Ulcerative colitis:

answer

inflammatory disorder of the mucous membranes of the large intestine

question

Crohns disease

answer

an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract

question

irritable bowl syndrome

answer

is a functional bowel disorder rather than an inflammatory process symptoms: nausea, pain, gas, or diarrhea caused by certain foods or stress Triggers: stress, high fat diet, caffeine, artific

question

Uncoordinated peristalsis:

answer

food processed or eliminated abnormally

question

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

answer

is commonly referred to as heartburn or acid reflux Risk factors: age, diet, alcohol use, obesity, pregnancy, and smoking Symptoms usually begin after a meal and can include coughing, choking, heartburn, and vomiting. Prevention focuses on avoiding foods that cause attacks

question

to avoid chronic diseases (balanced wellness)

answer

Decreased stress Regular exercise Sleep Nutrition Healthy movement patterns

question

when to seek health

answer

Unexplained weight loss •Blue-colored lips, eyelids, or nail beds •Any lump, swelling, or thickness or a sore that does not subside or that grows for over a month •Any marked change or pain in bowel or bladder habits •Yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes •Pregnancy Persistent fatigue •Any questions/doubts

question

assessing healthcare professionals

answer

listen? credentials? institution? figure out what personality works best for you how long treatment will last look up doctor online

question

attention narrowing

answer

fixated on new diagnosis and don't recall treatment options/follow-up appointments

question

state dependency phenomenon

answer

this says that you are better at recalling information when you are in the same state as when you heard it the first time

question

patients rights

answer

•You have the right to informed consent •You have the right to know if your treatment is standard or experimental •You have the right to privacy •You have the right to receive care •You are entitled to access all your medical records •You have the right to seek second opinions

question

evidence based health care

answer

medical care depends on clinical expertise, patient values, and current scientific evidence

question

fundamental principle of health insurance

answer

predict the cost of health care

question

deductibles (private health insurance)

answer

amount you are responsible to pay before insurance starts paying

question

co-payments (private health insurance)

answer

set amount you are responsible to pay at the time of service for each appointment

question

coinsurance (private health insurance)

answer

the percentage of bill you are responsible to pay

question

managed care

answer

cost-control procedures to coordinate treatment for group care Ex. •Health maintenance organizations (HMO) •Preferred provider organizations (PPO) •Point of service plans (POS)

question

capitation

answer

payment of a fixed amount to healthcare provider regardless of the number of services provided

question

defensive medicine

answer

Ordering more tests and procedures than are necessary in order to protect oneself from a lawsuit.

question

complementary medicine

answer

using alternate therapy together with conventional medicine 38% of adults use this

question

alternative medicine

answer

used in place of conventional medicine

question

examples of alternative medicine

answer

Traditional Chinese medicine •Ayurveda •Homeopathy •naturopathy •Native American, Aboriginal, African, Middle Eastern, and South American cultures

question

psychoneuroimmunology

answer

Mind-body connection for health/healing •Identify that which is causing you the tense reaction within your body •Adjust your perception of the situation giving you the opportunity to shift your reaction •Used in combination with cancer therapy, rheumatology, chronic pain, etc •The "new medicine" •Most accepted form: biofeedback

question

Nutraceuticals:

answer

the use of foods and food supplements for pharmaceutical benefit

question

similarities vs. differences (name brand drugs vs. generic)

answer

Antibiotics •Sedatives •Amphetamines •Antidepressants •Blood thinners

question

GRAS

answer

generally recognized as safe

question

placebo effects

answer

The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment

question

benefits of CAM therapy

answer

safe and effective: chiropractic safe but less effective: acupuncture less safe but more effective: St. Johns wort for depression pill, etc less safe and less effective: injections of unapproved substances, toxic herbs, etc

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