Health and Wellness: Lecture 4 – Flashcards
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cancer
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large group of over 100 diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
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cancer cell
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-it can invade other cells -replicate new damaged cells -decreased ability for cell death
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cancer contagious?
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-organ transplant screening for cancer cells -viruses: HPV, estien bar, HIV, herpes -bacteria: chlymedia, H pilori -parasites: cant worry about it in the US but exists in SE asia (not contagious overall)
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immune system
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fights off cancer w/ antigen link some cancer cells protect themselves
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neoplasm
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growth of tissue that serves no physiological function
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tumor
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mass of neoplasmic cells
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malignant
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"cancerous", dangerous, harmful
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benign
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"noncancerous", harmless
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metastasis
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process by which malignant tumors that are not enclosed in a protective capsule spread to other organs (look for lymph nodes closest to tumor)
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cancer spreads
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area of origin to other parts of body blood stream lymph vessels
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diagnosed by cancer
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by area of origin
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lymphatic system
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as extensive as the circulatory system
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lymph node biopsy
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sampling tissue
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lymph node biopsy
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often part of diagnostic process of rating cancer stage
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cancer stage diagnosis
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Staging usually rated on a number scale (0-4) for the following parameters T: size of tumor and overgrowth N: lymph nodes M: metastasis, or distant areas of the body
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signs of cancer
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Depend on where it is, how big it is, and how much damage it is causing Lasting for a long time, or getting worse Unintentional weight loss Fever Fatigue Pain Skin change Others specific to the type of cancer
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what to say
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respect their privacy Try to give them a sense of normalcy Offer support Be encouraging Communicate Be flexible Use humor, if appropriate Best not to share your stories
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Carcinogenic:
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known to cause cancer/be linked to cancer ex. HPV
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heredity risk of cancer
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factors that cannot be modified
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environment risk or cancer
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factors that are potentially modifiable
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lifetime risk of cancer
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probability that can individual, over the course of a lifetime, will develop cancer men- 1 in 2 women- 1 in 3
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relative risk of cancer
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is the measure of the relationship between risk factors and a particular cancer
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lifestyle risks of cancer
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tobacco alcohol 33%- poor nutrition, physical activity, and obesity
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genetic risk of cancer
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5% of call cancers are hereditary (breast, stomach, colon, prostate, uterus, ovaries, and lungs)
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oncogenes
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cancer-causing agents
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hormonal factors of cancer
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estrogen- breast cancer risk testosterone- liver cancer
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nitrosamine
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when sodium nitrate is ingested forms a potential carcinogen
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Chronic hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and liver cancer:
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stimulate the growth of cancer cells in the liver
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Human papillomavirus and cervical cancer:
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Nearly 100% of women with cervical cancer have evidence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.
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Helicobacter pylori:
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causes ulcers, which are a major factor in the development of stomach cancer
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Carcinomas:
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epithelial tissue
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Sarcomas:
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bones, muscle, vessels, connective tissue
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Lymphomas:
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lymphatic tissue
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Leukemias
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blood forming parts of the body (bone marrow, spleen)
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Tests for detection
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Computerized axial tomography (CAT) scan Prostatic ultrasound Regular self-exams and checkups
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How to manage cancer
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-Find out as much as possible about the cancer -Get a second opinion -Check out the credentials of the hospital, the surgeon, and the treatment specialist -Find local resources and support groups -Get the patient's personal ducks in a row -Know what insurance covers and what it doesn't cover -Mobilize family and friends to help
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types of treatment
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surgery-cut tumor radiation- high beams on the cancer area chemotherapy-injecting poison
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new cancer treatment
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-Immunotherapy -Gene therapies -Angiogenesis inhibitors -Smart drugs -Enzyme inhibitors -Hyperthermia -Neoadjuvant chemotherapy -Stem cell research
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14% of 10.8 million cancer survivors
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were diagnosed 20 years ago
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survivorship of cancer
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physical, psychological, emotional, and economic issues of cancer from diagnosis until the end of life.
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skin cancer
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most common form of cancer
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malignant melanoma
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is the deadliest form
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ABCD rule to detect melanoma
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Asymmetry: half of a mole does not look like the other half Border irregularity: the edges are uneven Color: pigmentation is not uniform Diameter: larger than a pea
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Risk factors for cancer
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Being exposed to ultraviolet radiation without adequate skin protection Having fair skin; blonde, red, or light brown hair; blue, green, or gray eyes Having skin that burns before tanning or burns easily and peels readily Lifetime sun/UV exposure The use of no or low-sun-protection sunscreens or expired suntan lotions Having had skin cancer in the past or having a family history of skin cancer Having experienced severe sunburns during childhood More than 50 common moles
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prostate cancer (symptoms and risk factors)
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Symptoms: weak or interrupted urine flow; difficulty starting or stopping urination; need to urinate frequently; pain on urination; blood in the urine, or pain in low back, pelvis, or thighs. Risk factors: age, race, family history, diet, and lifestyle
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ovarian cancer
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The most common symptom is enlargement of the abdomen Risk factors: personal or family history of breast cancer, never having been pregnant, and the use of fertility drugs Prevention: involves maintaining a diet high in vegetables and low in fat, exercise, sleep, stress management, and having good weight-control habits.
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cervical/uterine cancer
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Risk factors: Cervical: intercourse at an early age, multiple sex partners, smoking, certain STIs. Endometrial: age, endometrial hyperplasia, overweight, diabetes, high blood pressure
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testicular cancer
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Men between the ages of 15 and 35 are at greatest risk Regular testicular self-exams important 96% 5-year survival rate, making it one of the most curable cancers.
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leukemia
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Large category of malformed cell cancers of the blood Can be acute or chronic Can strike at any age Can be cureable, incurable, manageable, fatal Treatment: radiation, chemotherapy, stem cells
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lymphoma
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Among the fastest-growing cancers Cause is unknown, but a weakened immune system is suspected Treatments vary by type and stage Chemotherapy and radiation frequently used
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allergies definition
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when the body makes antibodies (immune response) to a normally harmless environmental substance
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histamines
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cause the inflammatory response when allergies occur
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allergy symptoms
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-coughing -vomiting -diarrhea -wheezing etc
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hay fever
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pollen allergy
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immunotherapy
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(allergy shots) exposing the body to increasing doses as a way to desensitize allergens
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food allergies
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triggered by milk, eggs, peanuts, other nuts, soybeans, wheat, fish, and shellfish symptoms: mouth swelling, breathing difficulty, stomach pain, and diarrhea
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food intolerance
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A negative reaction to food that doesn't involve the immune system
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symptoms of anaphylaxis
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Abdominal pain or cramping Confusion Diarrhea Difficulty breathing with wheeze or hoarse voice Dizziness, Fainting, lightheadedness Hives over different parts of the body Nausea/vomiting Rapid pulse, Sensation of feeling the heart beat
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lung disease
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disorder that impairs lung function 4th leading cause of death in the US
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asthma
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long term, chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of lungs
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Physiological reaction of asthma
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Increased mucous production Spasms of the muscles lining the bronchioles Inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles
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extrinsic asthma
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runs in families Often goes away completely by adulthood Triggered by environmental allergen
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Intrinsic or nonallergenic asthma
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may be triggered by anything except an allergy -Infections -Genetics -Exercise
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controlling asthma
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Finding the most effective medications Determining and avoiding triggers
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inflammatory bowl disease
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a group of disorders of unknown cause in which the intestines become inflamed Symptoms are severe and include stomach cramping, bloating, pain, and bouts of bloody diarrhea ages 15-35
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Ulcerative colitis:
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inflammatory disorder of the mucous membranes of the large intestine
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Crohns disease
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an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract
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irritable bowl syndrome
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is a functional bowel disorder rather than an inflammatory process symptoms: nausea, pain, gas, or diarrhea caused by certain foods or stress Triggers: stress, high fat diet, caffeine, artific
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Uncoordinated peristalsis:
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food processed or eliminated abnormally
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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is commonly referred to as heartburn or acid reflux Risk factors: age, diet, alcohol use, obesity, pregnancy, and smoking Symptoms usually begin after a meal and can include coughing, choking, heartburn, and vomiting. Prevention focuses on avoiding foods that cause attacks
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to avoid chronic diseases (balanced wellness)
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Decreased stress Regular exercise Sleep Nutrition Healthy movement patterns
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when to seek health
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Unexplained weight loss •Blue-colored lips, eyelids, or nail beds •Any lump, swelling, or thickness or a sore that does not subside or that grows for over a month •Any marked change or pain in bowel or bladder habits •Yellowing of the skin or the whites of the eyes •Pregnancy Persistent fatigue •Any questions/doubts
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assessing healthcare professionals
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listen? credentials? institution? figure out what personality works best for you how long treatment will last look up doctor online
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attention narrowing
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fixated on new diagnosis and don't recall treatment options/follow-up appointments
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state dependency phenomenon
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this says that you are better at recalling information when you are in the same state as when you heard it the first time
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patients rights
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•You have the right to informed consent •You have the right to know if your treatment is standard or experimental •You have the right to privacy •You have the right to receive care •You are entitled to access all your medical records •You have the right to seek second opinions
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evidence based health care
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medical care depends on clinical expertise, patient values, and current scientific evidence
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fundamental principle of health insurance
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predict the cost of health care
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deductibles (private health insurance)
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amount you are responsible to pay before insurance starts paying
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co-payments (private health insurance)
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set amount you are responsible to pay at the time of service for each appointment
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coinsurance (private health insurance)
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the percentage of bill you are responsible to pay
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managed care
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cost-control procedures to coordinate treatment for group care Ex. •Health maintenance organizations (HMO) •Preferred provider organizations (PPO) •Point of service plans (POS)
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capitation
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payment of a fixed amount to healthcare provider regardless of the number of services provided
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defensive medicine
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Ordering more tests and procedures than are necessary in order to protect oneself from a lawsuit.
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complementary medicine
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using alternate therapy together with conventional medicine 38% of adults use this
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alternative medicine
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used in place of conventional medicine
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examples of alternative medicine
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Traditional Chinese medicine •Ayurveda •Homeopathy •naturopathy •Native American, Aboriginal, African, Middle Eastern, and South American cultures
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psychoneuroimmunology
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Mind-body connection for health/healing •Identify that which is causing you the tense reaction within your body •Adjust your perception of the situation giving you the opportunity to shift your reaction •Used in combination with cancer therapy, rheumatology, chronic pain, etc •The "new medicine" •Most accepted form: biofeedback
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Nutraceuticals:
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the use of foods and food supplements for pharmaceutical benefit
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similarities vs. differences (name brand drugs vs. generic)
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Antibiotics •Sedatives •Amphetamines •Antidepressants •Blood thinners
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GRAS
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generally recognized as safe
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placebo effects
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The fact that subjects' expectations can lead them to experience some change even though they receive an empty, fake, or ineffectual treatment
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benefits of CAM therapy
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safe and effective: chiropractic safe but less effective: acupuncture less safe but more effective: St. Johns wort for depression pill, etc less safe and less effective: injections of unapproved substances, toxic herbs, etc
