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School climate

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-the quality and character of school life --norms, goals, values, interpersonal relationships, teaching

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Who determines educational practice in US?

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-other nations public education curriculum/teacher training is set by central government -in US local districts and jurisdictions provide most fund and guidelines

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Public schools

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funded and standards set by local jurisdictions

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Charter schools

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funded and licensed by states or districts and private sponsors, run as a public school but has its own standards

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Magnet schools

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free, but highly competitive

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Private schools

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rely on student tuition and private funding, sets own standards

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Voucher

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allows parents to choose the school for the child (private or public) with all or part of the cost being paid by the local government

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Constructivist Approach

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-learner-centered -construct your own knowledge with guidance from the teacher -emphasis on collaboration

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Constructivist Approach criticisms

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not enough attention to content of discipline

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Direct Institution Approach

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-teacher-centered -high teacher expectations for student's progress -maximize student learning time

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Direct Institution Approach criticisms

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turns students into passive learners, not challenging to think critically or creatively

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Increased Accountability in Schools

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-spread of state-mandated tests to measure just what students had or had not learned -approach became national policy in 2002 when NCLB was signed into law -intended to increase accountability in education by having states qualify for federal money in adequate scores on standardized tests

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An obvious strength was the legislation

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intended to close the gap on state discrepancies in education

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Criticisms of No Child Left Behind

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-teaching to the test, not the learner -children of middle achievement are pushed to meet the benchmark, but those at high or low achievement are ignored -ignores some components of learning education (art, writing) -withholds funding to schools most in need

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How many states have opted out of no child left behind?

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-granted to 33 states-some with strings attached -5 states didn't complete wavier process -one application was rejected -got one-year freeze on the rising targets for standardized test scores (Alabama, Alaska, Idaho, Iowa, Maine and West Virginia)

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Common Core Education

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-curriculum commissioned by the National Governor;s Association in 2009 -team form Arizona wrote set of standard in math and reading --need for rigorous standards to stay competitive in global economy -federal government played NO ROLE in common core -state adoption of standards is in no way mandatory

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Criticisms of Common Core

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-excessive government involvement in schools -education should be decided at local level -new standards may make it harder to pass GRE test -especially low rates among prisoners -new test done computer; old was pencil and paper

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Transition middle/junior

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-one of the most difficult and stressful times for many students -many changes: in the individual, in the family, and in school--are occurring simultaneously Top-dop phenomenon

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Top-dog phenomenon

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moving from being the oldest, biggest, and most powerful students in elementary school to being the youngest, smallest and least powerful students

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Turning points: preparing american youth for the 21st century

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-most young adolescents attend massive, impersonal schools -learn from seemingly irrelevant curricula -trust few adults in school -lack access to health care and counseling

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Transition: critical thinking less stressful when..

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when students have positive relationships with friends and go through the transition in team-oriented schools in which 20-30 students take the same classes together

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Transition: critical thinking positive aspect

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-feel grown up -have more subjects to select -more opportunities to spend time with peers -locate compatible friends

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High school dropout rates

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-US high school dropout rates declined -rates vary by ethnicity and gender

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Potential reasons for dropping out?

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-school-related, economic, family-related, peer-related, personal reasons -school-realted is most consistent with dropping out -low-income students more likely to drop out -many dropouts have friends who also dropouts -1/3 of girls dropout for personal reasons (marriage or pregnancy)

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Reducing the dropout rate

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-most effective is programs provided early reading programs, tutoring, counseling and mentoring -early detection of children's school-related difficulties and getting children and youth engages with school in positive ways are important strategies fro reducing the dropout rate

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They can choose from a list of topics or propose a topic to the teacher for approval. Mr. Durgan serves as their guide and mentor for the project. This is an example of

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the constructivist approach to learning

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She lectures and uses PowerPoint slides to illustrate her main points, has the students memorize key facts and keeps the students focused on the material

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direct instruction

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Which of the following are areas of competency in which students are required by NCLB to be regularly tested except

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social studies

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In one study, almost 50% of dropouts said their primary reason for leaving school was

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school-related

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Large schools

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offer diverse course and extracurricular activities

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Small school

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less diversity in offerings; students more likely to participate in extracurricular activities

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Scholar agree optimum school size

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for adolescents is 500-1000 students

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Parents

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family management: --positively related to grades and self-responsibility --negatively related to school-related problems -maintaining a structured and organized family environment -establishing routines for homework, chores, bedtime -high expectations for achievement

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Extracurricular activities

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-participation in EC is linked to: higher grades school engagement less likelihood of dropping out improved probability of going to college high self-esteem lower rates of depression, delinquency and substance abuse

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Schools in low-income areas

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-more likely to have more students with low achievement scores -low graduation rates -small percentages of students going to college -younger teachers with less experience -more non-credentialed/non-qualified teachers -more substitute teachers who regularly fill in -more likely to encourage rote learning -don't provide adequate support for English language learners

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Enhancing achievement in disadvantages backgrounds

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-some innovative programs (have a dream project) indicate that improving certain characteristics of schools can enhance the achievement of adolescents -smaller class sizes, longer classes, creating more advisory sessions, and allotting more time for teachers to explore teaching methods were linked with higher levels of achievement in high school

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Ethnicity in schools

answer

-more than 1/3 of African Americans and almost 1/3 of latinos attend school sin 47 largest city districts -many are inner-city schools are still segregated, grossly underfunded and don't provide adequate opportunities -even outside city schools, school segregation remains --1/3 of african americans/latinos attend schools in which 90% or more of students are from minorities

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Strategies for improving relationships among ethnically diverse students

answer

-jigsaw classroom -encourage students to have positive personal contact with diverse students -engage in perspective taking -think critically and be emotionally intelligent about cultural ideas -reduce bias -view school/community as a team -be a competent cultural mediator

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Jigsaw classroom

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in which students from different cultural backgrounds are placed in a cooperative groups in which they have to construct different parts of a project to reach a common goal

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Which of the following individuals is MOST likely to be bullied

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peter, a somewhat anxious and withdrawn sixth grader

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Bullying

answer

-unwanted, agressive behaviors that include: --an imbalance of power: kids use it to control of harm another --repetition: behaviors are used more than once or have potential to be used more than once

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Physical bullying

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-hurting a person's body or possessions --hitting, kicking, punching, spitting, taking or breaking someone's things

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Verbal bullying

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-includes cyberbullying -saying or writing mean things --teasing, name-calling, taunting, sexual comments

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Relational bullying

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-includes cyberbullying -hurting someone's reputation --spreading rumors, leaving someone out, embarrassing someone

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How prevalent is cyberbullying

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-43% or teens report being bullied over past year -more girls are cyberbullies than boys -81% of youth agrees bullying online is easier to get away with and hide from parents

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Who are victims of bullying?

answer

-anyone can be bullied -unpopular/rejected children are often the targets of bullies -may lack social skills, have low self-esteem, lack confidence, are excessively anxious around others -submissiveness makes them easy targets -are sensitive to rejection

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Potential outcomes for victims

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-humiliation and anger -physical symptoms (headaches) -psychological symptoms (loneliness, helplessness) -victims may lose existing friends or opportunity to develop new friendships

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Potential outcomes for witnesses

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-anxiety about becoming victims themselves -less willing to befriend someone who is or has the reputation of being

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Potential outcomes for bullies

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-often support and reinforce other bullies -conduct and psychological problems -more relationship problems with parents and peers -increased risk for antisocial personality disorder -less empathy towards others -may be arrested or charges with a crime

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Bullying victims

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increased risk for depression, panic disorder, agoraphobia (females only) and suicide (boys)

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Bullycide

answer

-when someone commits suicide because of being bullied/cyberbullied -many victims feel the only way to escape the abuse, rumors, and terror is to end their own life -not every city/state offers voucher program and private schools can be expensive

question

School-based interventions

answer

to be effective: -all students must be actively involved, not just the bullies and victims -teachers must participate -fair, school-wide policies must be enforced -involve parents and other community members -the specific motivations and methods must be addressed -efforts must be continued over time

question

LGBTQ youth and GSA programs

answer

-empowerment- in activism and involvement in highs school gay-straight alliance programs -presence, participation and perceived supportiveness of a gay straight alliance in high school buffered peer victimization -youth involves in gay straight alliance programs reported less truancy, drug use, suicidal attempts and risky sex

question

Which of the following are correlate with being bullied

answer

loneliness, unhappiness and suicide ideation

question

Learning Disabilities

answer

-dramatic increase in the percentage of US students receiving special education services for a learning disability -some say increase reflected poor diagnostic practices and over-identificaiton

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ADHD

answer

-problems of inattention, hyperactivity, impulsiveness -classified as learning disability -1/2 of adolescents with LD diagnosed with ADHD -boys are 2-4x more likely to be diagnosed than girls -nearly 50% diagnosed have sibling or parent with it -levels of diagnosis indicate improper diagnosis in many cases -9 out of 10 treated with ritalin or other meds

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What causes ADHD

answer

-some think it may have to do with increased academic and social demands of formal schooling, as well as stricter standards for behavioral control, often illuminate the problems -increasingly, it is being recognized that these problems may continue into adulthood

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Causes and course of ADHD

answer

-no definite causes have been found -a number of cases have been proposed: --genetic inheritance of a predisposition --brain damage during prenatal or postnatal development --delay in maturation of prefrontal cortex, myelination

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Treatment of ADHD

answer

-Stimulant: such as Ritalin/Adderall is effective; usually doesn't improve attention to same level as other children -Behavior management effective in reducing effects -physicians are too quick to prescribe

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Youth who are gifted

answer

-students who are gifted require significant overhaul -under-challenged students who are gifted can become disruptive, skip classes and lose interest in achieving -those gifted can be socially isolated and under challenged in classroom

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Winner says

answer

stresses that American education will benefit when standards are raised for all students

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A major concern of experts is that ADHD is being

answer

incorrectly diagnosed by school teams

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Intrinsic motivation

answer

based on internal factors such as self-determination, curiosity, challenge and effort

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Extrinsic motivation

answer

involves external incentives such as rewards and punishment

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Classroom climate

answer

-in which students are intrinsically motivated to learns favors more --parental intrinsic/extrinsic motivation practices are also linked to children achievement

question

Students are more motivated to learn when

answer

-they are given choices -become absorbed in challenges that match their skills -receive rewards that have informational value but aren't used for control

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Attribution theory

answer

states that individuals are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance and behavior --attributions are perceived causes of outcomes

question

Educational psychologists recommend

answer

getting adolescents to attribute their poor performance to internal factors such as a lack of effort rather than to external factors such as bad luck or blaming others

question

Mastery Motivation and Mindset

answer

-whether to adopt a mastery or a performance orientation motivation -performance orientation -both mastery and performance benefit students success

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Performance orientation

answer

adolescents with this orientation are focused on winning, rather than on achievement outcome

question

Carol Dweck

answer

stresses the importance of adolescents developing a mindset, the cognitive view individuals develop for themselves --fixed, growth and individuals mindsets

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Fixed Mindset

answer

individuals believe that their qualities are carved in stone and cannot change

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Growth Mindset

answer

individuals believe their qualities can change and improve through their effort

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Individuals Mindset

answer

-influence whether they will be optimistic or pessimistic -shape their goals and how hard they will strive to reach those goals -affect many aspects of their lives, including achievement and success in school and sports

question

Parent and teacher expectations

answer

-children benefit from teachers and parents having high expectations and providing support -parents protect self-esteem by setting low standards: --children who aren't challenged develop low standards for themselves --fragile self-confidence they develop can shatter the first time they encounter hard work

question

Mentoring

answer

-are usually older, more experienced who are motivated to help those younger -develop bond of commitment and youth develops sense of respect and identification with mentor -natural mentoring emerges out of individuals' existing relationships -mentoring programs improving achievement of students at risk for failure

question

Procrastination

answer

-common problem in preventing adolescents/emerging adults from successful achievement -it is linked to low self-efficacy, low conscientiousness, distractibility, and low achievement -can take many forms

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Anxiety

answer

-vague, highly unpleasant feeling god fear and apprehension -normal for students to be concerned/worried about school challenges --most have moderate levels of anxiety --some have high levels and can impair ability to achieve

question

Perfectionism

answer

-set excessively high, unrealistic goals that can't be reached -high tolerance of certainty and OCD-like behaviors -when don't reach become self-critical and feel worthless -highly anxious, some experience suicidality

question

Risk factors of perfectionism

answer

parents with very high expectation that go beyond the youths abilities

question

Strategies for protecting self-worth

answer

-nonperformance -procrastination -setting unreachable goals

question

Efforts to avoid failure

answer

individuals deliberately handicap themselves so that if their subsequent performance is at a low level, these circumstances, rather than lack of ability will be seen as the cause

question

Work in emerging adulthood

answer

-dream of fantasy careers that have no connection to reality -many don't adequately explore careers and have little guidance from counselors -both adolescents and parents failed to make meaningful connections between educational credentials and future work opportunities -90% seniors expect to go to college; 70% expect to work in professional jobs

question

Transition from school to work

answer

-strongly influenced by the individuals level of education -job market for those with only HS diploma has worsened -college grads- half don't find jobs; and long-term(especially for men)--many will find employment unstable and can expect to have series of jobs

question

Barriers of low-income youth face

answer

-low quality schools -violence -lack of access to jobs, can restrict access to desirable careers

question

Sprinters

answer

take fast course -pick major early and stay with it makes life easier

question

Challenges for Sprinters

answer

-can be taking a job but only using it as a launching pad -taking job but not recalling something you want to do

question

Wanderers

answer

-being stuck and not knowing what to do -no sure on a career path -many job rejections

question

Challenges of Wanderers

answer

having to settle for any job that they can get because of financial pressures

question

Stragglers

answer

-spend 20's looking and figuring out what they want to do -struggle to find options after high school

question

Challenges of Stragglers

answer

after they have gone through 20's, roaming around they are usually stuck and aren't sure where to go from there

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