HBS-Unit 3 Test – Flashcards

Digestive

Urinary

Respiratory

3 min without air 3 days without water 3 weeks without food

A protein serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that changes the rate of reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

A substance acted upon by an enzyme.

Enzymes are the spark that starts the essential chemical reactions our bodies need to live. They are necessary for digesting food, for stimulating the brain,m for providing cellular energy, and for repairing all tissues, organs, and cells

Enzyme names end in -ase and are often named after the substrate. For example, the enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of sucrose is sucrase

Ribosomes, pancreas, saliva, stomach, intestinal cells

The lock is the enzyme and the key is the substrate. Only the correctly sized key fits into the key hole (active site) of the lock. Smaller keys, larger keys, or incorrectly positioned teeth on keys (incorrectly shaped or sized substrate molecules) don't fit into the lock. Only the correctly shaped key opens a particular lock

Assumes that the substrate plays a role in determining the final shape of the enzyme and that the enzyme is partially flexible. This explains why certain compounds can bind to the enzyme but don't react because the enzyme has been distorted too much. Other molecules may be too small to induce the proper alignment and therefore cannot react. Only the proper substrate is capable of inducing the proper alignment at the active site.

The specific region of the enzyme which combines with the substrate

Carry out catalysis. They bind to the active site and help with the reaction

Vitamins B-2, B-3, and C FMN NAD

Beef, fish (trout), broccoli

Catalase is an enzyme in the liver that breaks down harmful hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. When this reaction occurs, oxygen gas bubbles escape and create foam. H2O2-->H20 + O2

Higher, faster reaction Drops if gets too hot (45 degrees Celsius) More energy Human body temp: 37 degrees Celsius

As the concentration increases, the reaction increases

As concentration increases, the reaction increases Drops once there isn't enough enzyme to have reaction occur (around 1%)

As pH increases, reaction increases until it gets past 7.2

Lipase is a protein (enzyme) released by the pancreas into the small intestine. It helps the body absorb fat

An amylase is an enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of starch into sugars. Amylase is present in the saliva of humans and some other mammals, where it begins the chemical process of digestion.

Pepsin is an enzyme that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides (that is, a protease). It is produced in the stomach and is one of the main digestive enzymes in the digestive systems of humans and many other animals, where it helps digest the proteins in food.

a digestive enzyme that breaks down proteins in the small intestine. It is secreted by the pancreas

an enzyme, present in saliva and pancreatic juice, that catalyzes the breakdown of maltose and similar sugars to form glucose

The oral cavity is the first part of the digestive tract and it contains the mouth along with the organs in the mouth.

The salivary glands produce saliva, which keeps the mouth and other parts of the digestive system moist.

The tongue aids in moving food in the mouth, chewing, and swallowing.

A bolus is small rounded mass of a substance. Chewed food at the moment of swallowing is an example of bolus.

The soft and hard palate are located at the roof of the mouth. The hard palate is at the front, and the soft palate is at the back. The hard palate holds the root of the teeth. The soft palate pressed down for swallowing.

The mechanical digestion that occurs in the oral cavity is chewing. The chemical digestion occurring in the oral cavity is the enzymes in saliva commencing the degrading of food.

A flap of skin, known as the epiglottis, separates the esophagus from the trachea, thus preventing food from "going down the wrong tube".

Peristaltic movement is a type of muscle contraction and it functions in the esophagus by helping push food to it.

Yes, some digestion of food occurs in the esophagus.

The primary functions of the stomach are to break down food after feeding and to extract the nutrients necessary to the body.

Chyme is the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine. The stomach mixes this material by combining food, enzymes, and gastric juices.

The stomach contains a lot of acids which which help break down food matter and kill bacteria.

Parietal cells in the stomach function to form enzymes and acids.

The stomach is made to be strong enough to handle the gastric juices, thus protecting itself from being digested.

Sphincters are the openings into and out of the stomach. They open and close when needed to either allow food into the stomach or to allow digested food out of the stomach.

A type of mechanical digestion that occurs in the stomach is churning. A type of chemical digestion that occurs in the stomach is the role of gastric acid.

The three sections of the small intestine are the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum receives partly-digested food, acid, and bile. The jejunum and ileum break down food fully.

The pH of within the small intestine is 6. This pH is maintained through bicarbonate ions.

Bile and pancreatic enzymes enter the small intestine through the duodenum.

The pathway of food through the intestines is: duodenum ? jejunum ? ileum ? cecum ? colon ? rectum

The enzymes that act inside the small intestine are amylase, protease, and lipase. Amylase acts on starch and breaks it down into small carbohydrate molecules. Protease acts on proteins and breaks them down into amino acids. Lipase breaks down dietary fats into smaller molecules called fatty acids and glycerol.

In relation to digestion, the large intestine absorbs water and salts. It also stores waste material until they're thrown out of the body.

The three sections of the large intestine are the cecum, colon, and rectum. The cecum takes digested liquid from the ileum and passes it on to the colon. The colon is the principal place for water reabsorption and absorbs salts when needed. The rectum is where leftover waste sits until it is ready to be emptied through the anus.

The large intestine helps the body digest and remove water from the remains of food (feces) after which it will go through the rectum.

The pancreas is about six inches long and is located in the abdomen.

The pancreas has an endocrine function (releases juices directly in bloodstream) and exocrine function (releases juices straight into ducts). Enzymes that are secreted by the pancreas are sent to the small intestine for further break down of the food.

The pancreas lies beneath the stomach. It connects the rest of the digestive system through the small intestine and the duodenum.

The functions of the enzymes is to help down fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.

Insulin is released in the pancreas from a result in high blood sugar levels.

The liver is located in the upper right portion in the abdominal cavity. It weighs about three pounds.

The livers main function with the digestive system is to process the nutrients absorbed from the small intestine.

The liver is an organ that secretes hormones and chemicals due to it producing bile. It detoxifies blood from harmful substances, stores simple sugar glucose, breaks down hemoglobin, destroys old red blood cells and converts stored sugar into usable sugar when the body's glucose level falls below normal.

The relationship between the liver and gallbladder is their structure and location. The gallbladder is located just underneath the liver.

Bile aids in the digestion of lipids.

The bonds between each of the phosphates

When a phosphate group is taken off from ATP

The rate at which heat is given off by an organism at complete rest.

A measure of body fat that is the ratio of the weight of the body in kilograms to the square of its height in meters.

BMI (body mass index), which is based on the height and weight of a person, is an inaccurate measure of body fat content and does not take into account muscle mass, bone density, overall body composition, and racial and sex differences

heart disease, high blood pressure, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, cancer, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, breathing problems, gallstones, reproductive problems.

inhibited growth and development, fragile bones, weakened immune system, anemia (low iron levels in blood), fertility issues, hair loss.

Being overweight affects your cardiovascular system. Being overweight can also affect your respiratory system. If you have sleep apnea as a result of being overweight, your body is not always getting the oxygen it needs, which is what causes you to wake up often and not get a good night's sleep. Being overweight increases your risk for colon and gallbladder cancers (both parts of the digestive system).

Being underweight can affect your skeletal system. Not getting enough nutrients can make your body calcium deficient, which can lead to osteoporosis (loss in bone density). It can also affect your immune system because your body does not have the nutrients it needs to fight off disease or infection. It can also affect the reproductive system by causing women or men to become infertile.

As you breathe in, oxygen goes to the alveoli and gets diffused into the bloodstream. Then, carbon dioxide comes from the heart, is diffused into the alveoli, and is discarded when we breathe out, or exhale. As you breathe in, the diaphragm contracts, and relaxes when you breathe out.

An instrument for measuring the air entering and leaving the lungs.

The volume of air breathed in one minute without conscious effort: MV = TV x (breaths/minute).

The pulse oximeter (pulse ox) measures the saturation of oxygen in the bloodstream. In other words, out of the total amount of oxygen that could be absorbed in the bloodstream (100%), how much oxygen actually is absorbed? For a person with a healthy respiratory system, the pulse ox level should be 94 - 99%. Anything under 90% is dangerous for a prolonged period of time. Between 90% and 94% could indicate some sort of long-term respiratory issue. So Melissa's level indicates that something could be wrong with her respiratory system.

Hypertensive airways, inflammation, irritated, red, and swollen airways, tightening (constricted) muscles, and increase in mucus

strenuous exercise, cold air, dust mites, pollen, tobacco smoke, mold, and pet dander

twice a day

as needed

every

every hour

every 4 hours

every day

before meals

after meals

capsule

The number of doses (1, 2, 3, or 4)

milligrams

milliliters

tablet

tablespoon (15 ml)

teaspoon (5 ml)

by mouth

intravenous

also called Tiffeneau-Pinelli index, is a calculated ratio used in the diagnosis of obstructive and restrictive lung disease. It represents the proportion of a person's vital capacity that they are able to expire in the first second of forced expiration. Normal range: 80-150

oral, sublingual (under tongue and dissolve), buccal (between gums and cheek)

intradermal (in dermis), subcutaneous (below dermis), intramuscular, intravenous injection (IV) (veins)

transdermal (via skin preparations), ophthalmic (eye), otic (ears), nasal, inhalation, vaginal, rectal

CONTROL generic twice a day by mouth after meals 10 mg

RESCUE chemical every 4-6 hours as needed 1.25 mg for every 3 ml

Green: 80%-100% of normal peak flow Yellow: 50%-80% of normal peak flow Red: Less than 50% of normal peak flow

Hormone produced by the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus that stimulates water reabsorption from kidney tubule cells into the blood and vasoconstriction of arterioles. Allows water to move from the ducts to the capillaries Alcohol decreases the amount of ADH being produced

A mineralcortocoid produced by the adrenal cortex that promotes sodium and water reabsorption by the kidneys and potassium excretion in urine.

-Vitamin D: stimulates uptake of calcium from food, maintenance of healthy bones, regulates response of immune system to infection -Erythropoietin: stimulates production of mature red blood cells by acting on bone marrow -Renin: controls blood pressure

Eliminated through excretion of alcohol in breath, urine, sweat, feces, and saliva

Diuretics work on the kidneys to cause them to retain more sodium. This also causes water to diffuse into the tubules from the bloodstream. This removal of excess sodium and water from the bloodstream can help to reduce blood pressure. (If the sodium is not removed, then the next time a person drinks water, the pressure will go up again, because the water will diffuse into the area of lowest concentration, which is the bloodstream.)

Drinking too much water can dilute the electrolytes in the bloodstream. This can be a very serious condition as well, because electrolytes like sodium and potassium are essential for the transmission of a nervous signal from one end of a neuron to the other end. Without a sufficient concentration of sodium and potassium in the bloodstream, a neuron could not conduct its signal.

A shortage of water will cause your cells to be hypotonic. If there is not enough water outside the cells (because you are sweating or have been drinking and are losing all your water through your urine), then water will move from the area of higher concentration (inside the cell) to an area of lower concentration (outside the cell). This process is called osmosis. This osmosis will occur until the cells are isotonic with the surrounding environment, meaning that the concentration of water inside and outside is the same. But too little water in the cells can be a very bad thing, and if a cell is severely dehydrated, it will die.

One of a pair of vertebrate organs situated in the body cavity near the spinal column that excrete waste products of metabolism, in humans are bean-shaped organs about 4½ inches (11½ centimeters) long lying behind the peritoneum in a mass of fatty tissue, and consist chiefly of nephrons by which urine is secreted, collected, and discharged into the pelvis of the kidney whence it is conveyed by the ureter to the bladder.

A duct leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder.

The pouch where urine is stored prior to elimination.

A tube that releases urine from the body near the vagina in females or through the penis in males; also serves in males as the exit tube for the reproductive system.

As more urine builds up in the bladder, the epithelium expands, but once it's released/excreted, the epithelium contracts back to normal size

The cortex contains the renal capsule, proximal, and distal convoluted tubules. The medulla and medullary rays contain the loops of Henle and collecting ducts.