question

Sent to reorganize Lydia, Darius sends him, tyrants removed, democracies established Leads a preliminary land and naval expedition, campaign in Thrace and Thasos (silver mines here, economic impact); returns after fleet is destroyed near Mt. Athos, returns to Asia

answer

Mardonios

question

Persian general ___ and Artaphernes begin campaign in 490 BCE, go from Phoenicia to the Levant, island hopping and many medize

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Datis

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Datis and Artaphernes begin campaign in 490 BCE, go from Phoenicia to the Levant, island hopping and many medize Samos medizes Naxos--retribution for siege of Naxos, can't surrender, have to pay the price, so the city is burned along with the temples, people flee or are imprisoned Datis and Artaphernes' fleet goes to Delos, sacrifices to Ahura Mazda (Apollo)

answer

Island Hopping Campaign

question

Datis and _____ begin campaign in 490 BCE, go from Phoenicia to the Levant, island hopping and many medize

answer

Artaphernes

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Called this because it was told by the Greeks Sources: Herodotus, Cornelius Nepos, Diodorus, Ctesias Huge moment for the Greeks and an insignificant one for the Persians--nothing was different for the Persians they just ended expansion

answer

Greco Persian Wars

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Wrote the "Histories" about the Persian Wars; 5 books before starting discussion on wars, not just Ionian revolt to put these wheels in motion Greek source for the Persian Wars

answer

Herodotus

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Greek source for the Persian Wars

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Cornelius Nepos

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Greek source for the Persian Wars

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Diodorus

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Worked for the Persians as a physician, was Persian, still an inaccurate representation

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Ctesias

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His plans for invasion: Reinstatement of Hippias in Athens Pretext: burning of Sardis Reality: Secure boarders of Empire--first campaign is not to conquer Greece

answer

Darius

question

Land in the south, end of its hay day City besieged for 6 days 2 ___ betray the city, the temples and city are burned in retribution of Sardis Survivors sent to Mesopotamia where they stay as a Greek community, Alexander the Great meets them and they are easternized

answer

Siege of Eretria

question

490 Location of the fight was selected because of advice Hippias gave the Persians, said the people of Marathon will help them because his father was a tyrant there (Peisistratus)--Hippias doesn't know that regional alliances have changed Athenians and Plataeans are the only Greek states to unite for this, Miltiades is given supreme command, Themistocles, Callimachus, Aristides all generals under him Battle Numbers: 10,000 Greeks versus 20,000 Persians; 2:1; Persians lightly armed which shows they were not there to conquer Big victory for Athens, not so much for Persians Spartans arrive the next day, after the fight. Athens come out as top dog. Saved democracy from the Athenians, strength of the military is demonstrated, confidence boost, admiration of other Greeks and Athenians Persian psyche--none, Darius didn't care, just a skirmish--shows problem with Greek interpretation; Darius was successful in his mission because he secured his borders and burned Eretria and Naxos, did what they set out to do Darius Prepares for Egyptian campaign as they revolt 487, but dies 486

answer

Battle of Marathon

question

Commanding general of the Greek forces in the Greco-Persian Wars Head Athenian general

answer

Miltiades

question

Athenian general under Miltiades in the Greco Persian Wars When find Laurium silver, says to use the new wealth to build a navy or "wooden wall;" his idea prevails and Aristides is ostracized Anticipates a Persian retaliation Athens given a prophecy that says Athens will be protected by a wooden wall

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Themistocles

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Athenian general under Miltiades in the Greco Persian Wars When find Laurium silver, says to dole the new wealth out to the citizens, ostracized when his idea isn't chosen

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Aristides

question

Ran a "Marathon" Ran to Sparta from Athens, like 149 miles/2 days Sent to convince Sparta to help this time, but they say they have a festival going on Encounters Pan, running back to Athens, runs through Pan country who says if they set up a cult to him they will win the war

answer

Pheidippides

question

Son of Darius, succeeds without objection Succession prepared in 490s by Darius Important because there could have been a problem with his son's ascension due to questions of his own (Darius) legitimacy ___ wants to annex Greece to go along with tradition of Persian kings expanding empire Makes preparations for Greek invasion, personally lead expedition Construction of bridges over the Hellespont, the first bridge was destroyed by a storm Has the Hellespont flogged and fetters thrown in, whips the water, ritualistic Invades with 80,000-200,000 men Persian heralds arrive in Greece, many cities Medize (THEBES, ARGOS)--enemy of Athens and Sparta so like the idea of aligning with Persia, plus they thought Greece would lose

answer

Xerxes

question

Attic silver mines here, rich vein found Athenians spending the windfall they find Aristides says to dole it out to the citizens Themistocles says to build a navy/wooden wall, his idea prevails, Aristides ostracized Athenian naval dominance because of this move

answer

Laurium

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Greek warships, three banks of rowers, 50 oars per side, about 200 on ship giant bronze bow/beak, ram hole into other ship

answer

Trireme

question

481 Congress of Corinth has a meeting of 31 poleis who form this _____ Sparta is elected to lead the ___forces because of the great Spartan reputation, they want to fortify the Isthmus of Corinth Second Congress 480, decide to fortify the VALE OF TEMPE (Macedonians show Xerxes this passage), decided to fortify the south which makes THESSALY Medize because they don't want to leave home-- which is a huge blow to the ____forces

answer

Hellenic League

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480 BC City called "Hot Gates" because of their hot springs, Leonidas and the 300 make their stand here, 5-10,000 Greeks block pass Persian forces 80-200,000 Wall built across pass-- from a previous century--rebuilt it 3 days of attacks --The Immortals--Xerxes' special forces unit, every time one dies they are replaced immediately; Never lost until they met the Spartans --Ephialtes--Local Greek who is bribed by Xerxes to show him a small mountain pass; Persians can get Greeks trapped because of this path, attack from both sides Hoplites are heavily armed, Persians keep sending waves and Greeks cut them down

answer

Battle of Thermopylae

question

Battle of Thermopylae Spartan general who led the 300 Spartans against the greater Persian army Sends all but the Spartans and Thespians home--300 Spartans and 700 Thespians face thousands of Persians

answer

Leonidas

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Xerxes' special forces unit, every time one dies they are replaced immediately Never lost until they met the Spartans

answer

The Immortals

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Local Greek who is bribed by Xerxes to show him a small mountain pass Persians can get Greeks trapped because of this path, attack from both sides

answer

Ephialtes

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Naval battle simultaneous with Battle of Thermopylae, the fleet who protects the Greek flank is engaged in battle 600-1200 Persians versus 300 Greeks; persian fleet destroyed by a storm again Final battle--equal losses, after news of Thermopylae the Greeks retreat

answer

Battle of Artemesium

question

Greek fleets blockaded in the straits of ____ Athens occupied and burned, Xerxes burns the acropolis Persian fleet 700-1000 versus 110-375 Greek; Greeks minimize disadvantage of numbers by taking advantage of mountainous terrain Total Greek Victory Corinth makes it look like their fleet is fleeing so the Persians think they're bailing and then the Corinthian and Athenian ships attack, really bad Persian navy loss

answer

Battle of Salamis

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Mardonios fortified camp near Asopus (River in Boeotia) Greeks marshal opposite--outnumbered 2 or 3:1 Pausanias of Sparta leads them to a victory, height of Sparta fighting Athens fights Thebes, Spartans fight Persians, Xerxes not here bc after Salamis he went home to deal with Babylonian revolt; doesn't invade Greece again until Ottomans Total Greek Victory, end of second Persian invasion, end of Greco Persian Wars

answer

Battle of Plataea

question

On the same day as the Battle of Plataea Greek fleet under Spartan leadership Leotychidas of Sparta pursues Persians, follows them to Ionian coast to make sure the Persians don't rebuild their navy Greeks secure their victory here Aftermath of ___--Athenians loot the camp, destroy ships; Spartan contingents return home; Athenians stay behind and fortify;continue to get persians out of Sestos --Siege of Sestos 479, Herodotus ends the Histories with this event, Athenians attack this Persian threshold, not defensive moves anymore, Athens in charade, leads to their empire

answer

Battle of Mycale

question

General of Sparta pursues Persians in the Battle of Mycale, follows them to Ionian coast to make sure the Persians don't rebuild their navy

answer

Leotychidas

question

478 Final action of the Hellenic League Revolt of the Ionian Greeks Pausanias of Sparta removes the Spartan presence, ends the Hellenic League but he rules harshly and cruelly, doesn't work, corruption Athens takes over _____ besieged

answer

Siege of Byzantium

question

Problems with Pausanias, Athens assumes control of Hellenic League Athens creates the _____, as a defensive Greek alliance of mostly islands Delos is the center Say we need this league, band together and help protect against Persian attacks, say they're all equal, contribute ships or money to the ___

answer

Delian League

question

____of the Persian Invasion Sparta--reputation and mystique solidified, 300 Spartans held off Persians Greek interactions with the East are limited until the end of the century, now Greeks fight each other for like 150 years 431--Pelop War

answer

Aftermath

question

___Returns after Battle of Salamis, puts down revolt in Babylonia Sources for remainder of his reign are fragmentary, little known Much time spent on building projects Hall of 200 columns, apandana (audience hall) at Persepolis Assassinated in 465 in a plot by his son Artaxerxes I

answer

Xerxes

question

Son of Xerxes, plotted an assassination against his father 465-424 Doesn't deal with the Greeks, just keep them fighting one another

answer

Artaxerxes I

question

Son of Artaxerxes I 424-404 Keeps Greeks fighting each other

answer

Darius Ii

question

Revolt in Egypt 460-454 ____king of Lybians, he and Amyrtaeus of Sais revolt agains the Persians Chartimides of Athens brings 200 ships and helps ___revolt; initial Greek Victory King defeated and killed by Persians

answer

Revolt of Inaros

question

Helps Inaros revolt against the Persians in Egypt King of Sais, gets help from Athenians, initial Greek victory

answer

Amyrtaeus

question

general of Athens, helps Inaros and Amyrtaeus revolt against Persians in Egypt Defeated and killed by Persians

answer

Charitimides

question

Persian commander in the Revolt of Inaros Rebels besieged, Athenian navy is annihilated and Charitimides is killed, Inaros is executed Persians regain foothold in East Aegean, this is when the Delian treasury is moved to Athens because Athenians says the Persian access to the Aegean leaves the treasury vulnerable Persians crucify and impale people to make a public statement, Persians solidify Egypt and now have access to the Aegean

answer

Megabyzos

question

449 Mentioned in 4th century sources Terms: Athens withdraws support from Egypt and Cyprus, and the Persians vow to not intervene with cities in the Delian League Problem is that no 5th century source talks about this peace, might have been a more informal peace

answer

Peace of Callias

question

___of Athens, concerned with mainland rivals, anti spartan, considered Persian are over so changed the politics to Greek matters Begins building project in 449 (Parthenon), completing transition of Delian League into Athenian Empire by the mid 4th century, Athens is not concerned with Persia

answer

Pericles

question

Pericles helps transition the Delian league into the ___ Member states forced to remain a part and pay tribute, Athens becomes major naval empire

answer

Athenian Empire

question

431-404 Athenian Empire versus Sparta and its allies Scope: Entire Greek world including Sicily and Magna Graecia Result: Athenian defeat, fall of the empire Spartan hegemony starts (404-371)

answer

Peloponnesian War

question

Result of the Peloponnesian War, as far as government 404-371 ____ are the big dogs not

answer

Spartan Hegemony

question

____of the Pelop War Economic: trade infrastructure was damages, depletion of merchant vessels, ill will after 3 generation of conflict calls for a reluctance to trade, hoplite mercenaries are a big population (a lot leftover, entire life was being a soldier, Persians have money to hire them) Inter greek trade badly damaged

answer

Consequences

question

Darius II appoints him aka Arsaces, his son, successor in 404, takes throne with this name system of succession is dependent on who king chooses as successor, not necessarily first born (but he is first born in this case) reigns 404-358 Immediately challenged by his brother Cyrus, Queen mother and wife of Darius II favors Cyrus Gives his brother the satrapy in Lydia

answer

Artaxerxes II

question

Son of Darius II, younger brother of Artaxerxes II, challenges his brother's reign immediately with the help and favor of the Queen mother Parysatis Given the satrapy of Lydia, is actually a better ruler than Artaxerxes His plot versus Artaxerxes is revealed by Tissaphernes, but is pardoned by Artaxerxes because Parysatis tells him to ___gathers an army including 10,000 Greek mercenaries; pretext: quarrel with Tissaphernes over Ionia; reality: march against Artaxerxes

answer

Cyrus the Younger

question

Queen mother of Artaxerxes II and Cyrus the Younger Favors Cyrus, when he plots to kill his brother she convinces Artaxerxes to pardon him

answer

Parysatis

question

Replaced by Cyrus the Younger as satrap of Lydia, lets Artaxerxes know of the plot Cyrus has against his life Quarrels with Cyrus over Ionia, Cyrus marches an army against him and Artaxerxes

answer

Tissaphernes

question

401 Artaxerxes versus Cyrus, fight for the throne The Ten Thousand march with Cyrus Initial victory for Cyrus, charge against Artaxerxes, cyrus' army flees Artaxerxes is wounded, has secured the throne--Cyrus sees him going back and takes off after him and is killed Artaxerxes remains king One of the first battles to have eyewitnesses from both sides

answer

Battle of Cunaxa

question

Greek Mercenaries hired by Cyrus, come on the right flank of Cyrus, under leadership of Clearchos of Sparta After Cyrus dies, their ruler is dead and they fought the king so they were trapped in the heart of the empire; deal was made, their generals were executed New leaders were elected by Greeks, including Xenophon Decisions made about tactics, diplomacy etc, like a moving CITY STATE Begin marching north toward the Black Sea, Artaxerxes doesn't do anything to stop them, no one wants to mess with them, March of _____

answer

The Ten Thousand

question

general of Sparta, leader of the Ten Thousand who march with Cyrus against Artaxerxes Tissaphernes retreats, Greeks fail to attack Persian center, Greeks still win though

answer

Clearchos

question

of Athens, witnessed the Battle of Cunaxa, under Clearchos Wrote "ANABASIS" about expedition of the Ten Thousand because he was one of them Student of Socrates, well educated mercenary Ctesias was the eyewitness for the Persian count, physician of Artaxerxes

answer

Xenophon

question

Written by Xenophon of Athens, Account of the Ten Thousand, Eyewitness account

answer

Anabasis

question

Begin marching north toward the Black Sea, Artaxerxes doesn't do anything to stop them, no one wants to mess with them Consequences of the campaign on Greek thought: --Greeks were victorious at Cunaxa, the Greek army marches through the heart of the Persian Empire, Army was unopposed in direct battle --First time a Greek army won in the heart of Persian empire, shows the Greeks that their forces are superior Impact on later generations--Alexander sees this as persia being week, reason to invade

answer

March of the Ten Thousand

question

Greeks in Anatolia Spent a lot of time with Hittites Alaksandu (Alexander/Paris) and Ahhiyawa (Achaeans) found in Hittite documents

answer

Mycenaeans

question

Greeks in Anatolia ___, son of Hellen, descendent of Deucalion--trace their lineage back to him From Thessaly Dorian Invasion--People stop speaking ____ in the center of Thessaly, _____ go to coast, still speak it Boeotians--subgroup of ____, many still speak ____ Northern Asia Minor speaks ___

answer

Aeolians

question

Son of Hellen, descendent of Deucalion All ____trace their lineage back to him

answer

Aeolus

question

Boundaries: --Mysia, Lydia, Ionia Major Cities: --Cyme, Smyrna, Pergamum, Lesbos Smyrna--becomes Ionian in Archaic period Pergamum--Hellenistic kingdom, founded by Aeolians, becomes powerful after Alex, becomes most powerful kingdom in Anatolia Ionians

answer

Aeolis

question

____son of Xuthus From the northern Peloponnese Dorian Invasion forces them out Connection to Athens, oracle tells ___ to go to Ionia

answer

Ion

question

Ion son of Xuthus From the northern Peloponnese Dorian Invasion forces them out Connection to Athens, oracle tells Ion to go to Ionia Interaction with Easterners, especially Carians

answer

Ionians

question

Boundaries: --Aeolis, Lydia, Caria Major Cities: --Chios, Samos

answer

Ionia

question

Dark age invaders? --Heracleidai --post invasion settlements of Rhodes, Southern Asia Minor, Sicily ____ vs Ionians in the Pelop War Interactions with easterners, especially Carians

answer

Dorians

question

Sons of Hercules, later come back through the Dorian Invasion after they were kicked out of mainland Greece initially

answer

Heracleidai

question

--Multicultural melting pot (Carians and Greeks) --Dorian colony in Caria ***Capital of Kingdom of Caria Artemesia of Caria, Mausolus of Caria, Herodotus, and Scylax from here

answer

Halicarnassus

question

from Caria/Halicarnassus Queen, sends a large navy for the Persian wars

answer

Artemesia

question

from Caria/Halicarnassus great king/satrap of Caria in 4th c, doesn't pay tribute to Persian Empire but is a part of it Built a "mausoleum," his was one of the 7 ancient wonders, in Halicarnassus

answer

Mausolus

question

Birth of Philosophy Presocratics in 6th C School of Miletus --Thales, Anaximander, Pythagoras

answer

Ionian Enlightenment

question

First Philosopher Part of Ionian enlightenment

answer

Thales

question

First prose writer Part of Ionian enlightenment

answer

Anaximander

question

of Samos Numbers Part of the Ionian enlightenment

answer

Pythagoras

question

wrote astronomical diaries, part of the Ionian Enlightenment

answer

Babylonian Astronomers

question

Priests of Iran of ahura mazda, Zoroastrian priests wrote about theology and cosmology Greeks take the middle east information and make it their own, like with cosmology and constellations making gods

answer

Magi

question

First geographer. 6th c, father of geography And first prose writer First World Map Eastern influences (Egypt and Lydia) like the Babylonian world map with the ocean in a circle around the world

answer

Anaximander

question

of Miletus, early 5th c First Historian emphasizes what happens in these places wrote the "Aethiopika"

answer

Hecataeus

question

of Lesbos, 5th c part of the ionian historiographical tradition Over 30 works

answer

Hellanicus

question

Anaximander, Hectaeus, Hellanicus, Herodotus, Ctesias are all a part of this tradition different from history, not scientific analysis like today, they relate a lot of folk tales, meant to entertain and inform, love the supernatural

answer

Ionian Historiographical Tradition

question

Started in Cos and Cnidus Was a hereditary field, father and sons Rival schools of _____ between Cos and Cnidus Asclepiadae--sons of Aesclepias Best to treat the symptoms or individuals? Hippocrates of Cos--Hippocratic corpus still used today Ctesias of Cnidus--mentions Hipp, only have a few of his ___ treatises Influences on the Egyptians, inherited this from Egyptian doctors, Persian kings originally had all Egyptian doctors, 5th century changes this, Greek doctors become the more advanced/valued Were considered the help, not axaulted

answer

Medicine

question

Sons of Asclepias, trace lineage to him, god of medicine becomes a more generic term later

answer

Asclepiadae

question

Origins in the Middle East Use of speech to teach virtue (arete) Itinerant teachers--pay for their services Development of Greek--Athenian oratory

answer

Sophistry

question

from Halicarnassus, Father of History

answer

Herodotus

question

Early conceptions of the world Homer--the Shield of Achilles ---Homer as the first ____ (the Odyssey), Odysseus traveled to all those places, explored the world, shows Greek interest in ____

answer

Ancient Geography

question

Homer writes about it, ____has his own weapons and gives them to Patroclus, fights over them and Achilles needs new ____, on the new___ is a depiction of the world Homer as the first geographer

answer

Shield of Achilles

question

____of the world 9th c shows a depiction of ocean in a circle around the world, influences later maps/geographers like Anaximander of Miletus

answer

Babylonian Map

question

"Navel of the World", Rock that Cronus swallowed Zeus sends his two eagles and they meet at this point in the "center" of the world Hellenocentric description of the world Mediterranean--"Middle of the World"

answer

Omphalos

question

of Miletus 550-476 Wrote the first "Periodos Ges"--"Voyage Around the World" --Maps Gibraltar to India (map of the world) --Improvement on Anaximander's map, a bit more knowledge --is in 2 books --his travels, visits Egypt --Account of the inhabited world (Oikoumene=the inhabited civilized world) --Focus on tribes and geographical attributes --Skepticism about the myths and folk tales of these people, he reports them but doesn't believe them --Influence on Herodotus, he does the same thing/methodology

answer

Hecataeus

question

Written by Hecataeus of Miletus "Voyage Around the World"

answer

Periodos Ges

question

Inhabited civilized world Hecataeus travels to these areas

answer

Oikoumene

question

written by Herodotus His personal travels to places like Egypt and Anatolia Geographical descriptions of places Descriptions of distant lands and peoples like Aethiopia Get Thermopylae wrong, relies on local understandings, fanciful monstrous place like India

answer

The Histories

question

Of Samos, Greek Explorer, 7th First Greek to reach the Pillars of Heracles (Gibraltar) Trade route to Iberia established after his exploration, discover they have a lot of tin here so it becomes popular

answer

Colaeus

question

Colaeus of Samos Euthymenes Pytheas Scylax

answer

Greek Explorers

question

6th c work --Geographical handbook for lost merchants --Description of trade maritime routes to British Isles Awe and interest in new cultures

answer

Massaliote Periplous

question

6th c Greek Explorer Reached coastal Africa (Senegal) where Hanno the Carthaginian explore went

answer

Euthymenes

question

4th c, Greek explorer Reached Northern British Isles and Arctic Circle maps and circumnavigates the Arctic circle

answer

Pytheas

question

of Caryanda, Greek explorer Voyage along the Indus Valley (Darius I) Herodotus doesn't say anything else about him Possibly authored a treatise Later fame--Pseudo ___ 4th c Know a little about him, a lot attributed to him is fabricated

answer

Scylax

question

Greek term for non Greeks, initially their term for Persian Greek superiority, Greek fascination Less civilized the farther you go from Greece Ancient Greek conceptions of the world and its nations, Greece as the center of the world and civilization Uncivilized customs of the ___ --different language, diet, dress --polygamy --unmixed wine --lifestyle corrupted by luxury

answer

Barbaroi

question

Edges of the known world East--Aethiopia, Arabia, India, Scythia N&West--N Europe, Spain, Gibraltar Natural barriers that form the borders of inhabited land Monstrous races, marvels, natural wonders Inversion of normalcy--hybrids of humans and animals, extreme sizes Beliefs in monsters of the ___ distance from the Greek world, little empirical evidence, accepted by even rational minds like Herodotus

answer

Eschatiai

question

North Eschatiai Northern Asia, NE Europe Northern boundary of the known world The term ____ is a broad term used for a variety of Iranian nomadic tribes

answer

Scythia

question

Use of the term by the Greeks Scythians for N Europe part Use of the term by Persians, use for all of them Asian Sythians

answer

Saka

question

North the of the Black Sea (Ukraine, South Russia) Nomadic tribe, one ruling dynasty? Herodotus and Strabo are our Greek sources for them Early Kindgom 7thc, first hay day N&E Black Sea, expulsion of the Cimmerians, conquest of Caucasus, conquest of Media

answer

European Scythians

question

7th c hay day for the European Scythians

answer

Early Kingdom

question

Early 6th c Scythian philosopher (half Greek, half civilized) Travels to Athens (citizenship) Meetings with Solon the Lawgiver Wrote the "Schythian Discourse" father of this quick Pythian responses, quick response of the opposite, short and to the point

answer

Anacharsis

question

Written by Anacharsis Writings about Sythia quick and short to the point responses

answer

Scythian Discourse

question

512 BC Crosses the Hellespont and Danube Reaches the Volga River with little opposition Retreat, scorched earth policy by the Scyths, don't have farms so they go where the crops are, this is troublesome for Darius, almost dies here

answer

Darius the Great

question

Campaign of Darius the Great

answer

512 BC

question

Scythians become more sedentary --trade with Greek settlements --leaders in slave trade Customs of the Western Scyths --Great horsemanship --Strange customs, human sacrifice, hemp usage, Amazons Strange Customs --Androphagoi (Man Eaters), use of human bones, skin

answer

4th C Empire

question

429-339 Unifies the Scythian tribes Expansion into Thrace and Balkans--defeat by Philip of Macedon near the Danube

answer

Ateas

question

Saka Central Asiatic Steppe Several distinct but related nomadic tribes

answer

Asian Scythians

question

Behistun 4 Scythian tribes mentioned on it Saka tigraxauda--with the pointed hat Saka para Sugdum--in Sogdiana

answer

Bisitun Monument

question

Upper Nile (South) and Sub Sahara First mentioned in Homer Hecataeus' "Aethiopika" fragmentary, history of ___ Herodotus referenced Hecat, but disagreed, gets more detail because he's asking questions East ____--India West ___ Locations of marvelous tribes and creatures

answer

Aethiopia

question

8th-7th centuries Herodotus' Aethiopia, border with Egypt, Meroe--Nubians capital, North Aethiopia,

answer

Kushites

question

Capital of Nubia, Kushites

answer

Meroe

question

East of Nubia, said to have no head but faces in their chests What Greeks and Egyptians thought Topoi of the eschatiai--people of longevity with lots of gold, extreme places of the world

answer

Blemmyes

question

Aethiopia in legend and myth Homer writes about him Son of Zeus and Io, story related to the city of Memphis, maybe married to someone named Memphis Homer says Aethiopians are dark skinned but are Greeks

answer

Epaphus

question

Father of Andromeda, Aethiopian king,gives daughter as an offering to a monster, rescued by Perseus Was in Asia actually, forced to Aethiopia Aethiopia in legend and myth

answer

Cepheus

question

Jatta and Phoenicia On the coast of North Africa and between Asia Minor

answer

Asiatic Aethiopia

question

work that is a part of the Epic Cycle, describes Memnon which was the king of Aethiopia, killed by Achilles

answer

Aethiopis

question

King of Aethiopia Described in the "Aethiopis" Son of Eos Killed by Achilles Later described as African Aethiopian

answer

Memnon

question

Egyptian Priest Writes the "Aegyptiaka" fragmentary, one who divides Egypt into dynasties** Greeks on Egypt (Herodotus, ____, Diodorus) 3rd C Used Greek for the official language, so he writes in Greece even though he was Egyptian

answer

Manetho

question

of Sicily, Greek source on Egypt 1st c BC

answer

Diodorus

question

trade relations with Egypt in the BA Earliest encounters with Egypt See Egyptian influence on ____architecture and painting Renewed contact after the Dark Ages

answer

Minoans

question

Idea in the Middle Ages, Greeks write a lot about this land of the marvelous until the 16th c Indus valley and the greater subcontinent

answer

Two Indias

question

Who led the first Persian invasion of Greece

answer

Datis

question

Athenian general under Miltiades during the Persian Wars, convinced Athens to use wealth from Laurium silver mines to create a great navy or wooden wall, important for their success as an empire

answer

Themistocles

question

of Sparta, leader of the Greek forces at the Battle of Plataea

answer

Pausanias

question

The Persian elite special forces unit

answer

The Immortals

question

T/F In the mid fifth century Athens lost nearly 200 ships aiding the Revolt of Inaros

answer

True

question

T/F The Peace of Callias was signed by Sparta and Athens to end the Peloponnesian War

answer

False

question

The one battle from the ancient world of which we have two eyewitnesses accounts from either side

answer

Cunaxa

question

son of Darius II and Patysatis, immediately challenges older brother Artaxerxes II, given the satrapy of Lydia, tries to get power at Battle of Cunaxa with the help of the Ten Thousand, dies

answer

Cyrus the Younger

question

of the March of the Ten Thousand Greeks get too confident, see the unmatched Ten Thousand marching through the heart of the Persian Empire as a sign of their superiority, Alexander uses this later

answer

Consequences

question

As leader of the democracy in Athens in the 5th C, Pericles focused most of his attention on____

answer

Dealing with Sparta

question

Capital of Caria, great multicultural and multiethnic city, Herodotus and other historians/philosophers from here

answer

Halicarnassus

question

Creator of the first Greek world map

answer

Anaximander

question

Which was one of the two centers for Greek medicine

answer

Cnidus

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Herodotus, Hecataeus, and other historians and philosophers from Ionia, start of geography and history in this region

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Ionian Enlightenment

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of Miletus, first historian, wrote the Periodus Ges "Voyage around the world"

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Hecataeus

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T/F Pytheas circumnavigated the British Isles

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True

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of Samos, Greek explorer, went to the Pillars of Heracles

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Colaeus

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T/F Certain tribes of the Scythians were said to be cannibals

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True

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Scythian philosopher who visited Athens

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Anacharsis

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edges of the known inhabited world, created by natural borders, places like Scythia and Aethiopia

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Eschatiai

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People in Aethiopia who were said to have no heads but faces in their chests

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Blemmyes

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Greek and Persian term for Scythians, Asiatic Scythians

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Saka

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of Caryanda, journey to Indus Valley, no knowledge of the subcontinent of India, only the Indus Valley No one mentions anything he wrote, thought it circulated in Greek but Herodotus never indicates he wrote anything, just told stories Later things attributed to him falsely

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Scylax

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of Miletus, fragmentary work, mentions India briefly as a satrapy

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Hecataeus

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Provides the first detailed look at India, still brief Writes about India as a land of proverbial wealth, land produces wealth, Utopian Animals of unusual size, longevity too, these Homeric figures put on the edge of the world

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Herodotus

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of Cnidus, wrote the Indika Nature of the work--corroboration of Greek beliefs and fantasy Resident at the Persian Court (5th-4th C)

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Ctesias

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Travelers--Indians, Bactrian merchants, the Silk Road

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Sources for India

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Plays a role in the perception of Indians, Bactrians control it, transfer ideas about the goods and peoples of India along this route Bactria as the biggest entry to the west, play a big role on this route Bactrian merchants push this idea of India fantasy, create stories to to make their merchandise more exotic and expensive

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The Silk Road

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Indus Valley, Sindhu is a river and stream Greek view of India as the largest place on Earth, Ctesias says India is the largest place

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Land of India

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Gold, silver, tin, iron-abundant Gemstones--finest Perfumes--unmatched aroma Foods--cheese, wine Exotic other, difficult and hard to obtain, better

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Artifacts from India

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Found in the desert according to Herodotus Mines in the mountains according to Ctesias Guardians who kill you if they try to get the ___, Gold digging Ants (Herod) Gold Guarding Griffins (Ctesias) Fantastic locations

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Gold of India

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Sardonyx, onyx Emerald (Smaragdus) Beryl Opal Amber from the Siptachora tree Pantarbe stone

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Gemstones

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Amber from this tree, sap goes into water and becomes solid, only happens 30 days a year India

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Siptachora

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Stone, Magnetic properties, used to retrieve other gemstones India

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Pantarbe

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Enormous size, make canoes from them

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Indian Reeds

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Palms and dates three times the size of Babylonian ones, Date wine of great quality, sweetest of all

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Indian Flora

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Magnetic roots Uses--attracting gold, silver, etc Used for hunting Medicinal uses--given for bowel irritation

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Parebon

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Scented Rose, oils for perfume reserved for royalty smell from a mile away, finest perfume

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Karpion

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Greek Topos--water paradoxographers list the marvels Fantastic produce, health benefits like healing springs Spring of Liquid Gold--uses of iron from the bottom Lake near the Pygmies--gathering of oil, quality Land gives freely and better quality Spring of solidifying water--truth serum Sila (River or Spring)--everything sinks, relaying authentic Indian tradition Greeks not making it up

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Miraculous Springs

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Miraculous springs of India Repulses whatever goes in except gold, etc Gold sinks to the bottom, everything else floats Uses--clears leprosy and mange, cures specific ailment

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Ballade

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Excessive size (large or small) Hybrids multi-species, human characteristics, these things are believed to actually live here Completely fantastic--were all hybrids make believe? no, some based on real animals seen for the first time by them, exist on some level , some completely false Indian roosters are small Indian dogs are massive and fight lions Gold guarding ants livestock of the pygmies are small Common animals with one attribute at different or unusual size--fat tailed sheep, monkeys with exceedingly long tails

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Indian Fauna

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First western account of these by Ctesias, reliable descriptions of marvelous creatures Ctesias is the first westerner to see this Enormous size and strength, Autopsy done Manhout in Babylon is a trainer of these Influence--Aristotle uses this information from Ctesias' account

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Indian Elephant

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Ctesias earliest account Accuracy, methods still used today Did Ctesias see this first hand?

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Falconry

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Autopsy--reliable accounts, can actually see them, good detail, if you see some marvels then why wouldn't the others exist Oral Tales--highly unreliable, how fantastic descriptions of beasts arise, what types of creatures tend to get embellished , animals that are feared, a lot of it is fear aspect, tends to be the scary creatures that are embellished

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Basis for Greek Reports

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Bittakos, Psittakos Ctesias first hand witness to marvel, was brought to the Persian palace, talks, colorful, never seen before, speaks Persian because it was brought by a Persian merchant Possibly the plum headed parakeet

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Parrot

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Properties of these Magical properties--health and medical benefits, poison sometimes Hybrids--Reasons for lack of autopsy because they are too dangerous, fierceness, hard to reach locations, rarity or distant location Ordinary creatures with marvelous attributes --The serpent: Amber venom if you drain the snake while alive and die immediately, black venom from dead snake die within a year

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Fantastic Creatures

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Ctesias gives first western account, real zoology mixed with fantasy "Indian Ass" white with crimson head, donkey, tri colored horn Magical properties of the horn (cure for epilepsy and poison) Methods of hunting--rhinos hunted for magical properties of the horn, cups fashioned from horns Basis for reality--Indian Rhino? some think antelope or gazelle, Megasthenes lives in India and says there is a three band horn

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Unicorn

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aka Martichora Hybrid feline, human face, scorpion tail Fierceness and fighting abilities, methods of hunting--had to do on an elephant because they were impervious to the needles shot out Basis--possibly a tiger, Pausanias said he thinks it was a tiger and the name comes from the Persian word for man-eater which is what Indians called tigers, did Ctesias really see one, said it had a huge face and made trumpet noise, if he saw one it would have been caged Tale becomes more elaborate, middle age adds wings to it

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Manticore

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Avian and feline attributes--bird headed Gold miners, live where gold is, guard their nests, think miners are coming for their young Hunting them--only hunt the young, can only catch them when young, too ferocious when grown, can only go out at night to get gold Always have a guardian aspect, status to guard doors and tombs

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Griffins

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Enormous size, only two teeth feeds on oxen, camels, etc Methods of hunting--tie goat to chain and wait Oil from their fat is combustible, use as a weapon, kill it and make and oil from it, impervious to water Maybe a crocodile is the basis, but they've seen it, so crocodile like thing

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Indus Worm

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Potency--euthanasia Roll up dung ball like dung beetle, collect dung from birds, good poison because you blissfully die, royalty would administer to themselves for a peaceful death if become ill

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Dikairon Bird

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Longevity (up to 200 years)--typical of distant places live longer, better, land produces abundance Utopian, but still uncivilized Just nature--great warriors, just, loyal, don't steal, immune to certain illness Physical characteristics--skin color, equated with Aethiopians, Ctesias says he saw light skinned Indians, not burned by the sun, just by nature Fantastic characteristics--hybrids, size, etc Other races with fantastic attributes--tribe with no anus when young, tribe with white hair when young and black when old, tribe with 8 finger and toes, inversion of normal

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Peoples of India

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Homeric ____ fought cranes, placed in Aethiopia originally Indian ____--Ctesias tells this story, not like Homeric story, Physical description--says they're ugly, short, stub noses, Unusual Clothing--older ones grow hair long and belt it, use as clothes, genitalia is large Megasthenes--reconciles two traditions, lives in India, describes Ctesias' Indian ___ and also says they fought cranes

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Pygmies

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Dog Heads Location--live in mountains of Indus, because no one goes there Human Hybrids--speech (howl), diet (semi cooked meat), sexual habits (like dogs) Confusion with Cynamolgoi (Dog Milkers) tribe of people who live specifically off of dog milk

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Cynocephaloi

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Tribe with one unusual characteristic One leg

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Monocoli

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Trib with one unusual characteristic Shadow feet, use feet as shield from the sun Confusion of this tribe with the Monocoli by the later sources, this tribe later has one large foot

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Sciapodes

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Tribe with one unusual characteristic Huge ears, sleep with ears as blankets could be real, exaggeration of tribes who gage their ears, kernel of truth

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Otoliknoi

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Crossing of the Indus Battle of the Hydaspes Mutiny of the Hyphasis--farthest point east the Greeks get, forced to go down the Indus because troops refuse to cross the mountains Crosses Indus, wants to see the land of fantasy, wants to get to end of the word, 4th C Alexander and troops first to see Indians

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Alexander in India

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Alexander in India 326 BC against King Porus of the kingdom on the banks of the ____ River (Jhelum river) Most costly battle because the crossing of the monsoon swollen river, complete Macedonian victory and the annexation of the Punjab

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Battle of Hydaspes

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Beas, Alexander in India Alexander continues to conquer east Persian empire, his army mutinies at the _____ River (Beas River) and refuses to march further east, this making this river the eastern most extent of Alexander's conquest forced to go down the Indus because troops refuse to cross mountains

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Mutiny of the Hyphasis

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Admiral of Alexander the Great Similar route as Scylax Voyage of____ Fighting and resistance by the natives, seen as exotic tribes Other hardships--hunger and supply shortages, not the utopian India they heard of Impact of the Voyage --first definitive Greek accounts of the region --New insight into customs, peoples, etc --fantastic elements remain, didn't get to the places where these things live, didn't reach it

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Nearchus

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350-290 Served under Seleucus I after Alexander Ambassador to Chandragupta Maurya, conflict between empires, gets way past where other Greeks went, writes about it Greek diplomat, important source for India and Maurya dynasty Indika--fragmentary, nature of the work--autopsy versus oral reports, impact of Greek tradition on accounts of Heracles and Dionysus--India isn't just fantastic, was visited by Heracles and Dionysus in myth, cults here Indika describes the history of India and was a major source from which Arrian drew from on his own Indika

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Megasthenes

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Sandrocottus--Greek name for him Founder of the ___ Empire and the first emperor to unify most of Greater India into one state. Known in the Hellenistic world for conquering Alexander's easternmost satrapies, and defeating Seleucus I in battle Married Seleucus' daughter to formalize an alliance and established a policy of friendship with the Hellenistic kingdoms, which stimulated Indias trade and contact with the western world. Greek diplomat Megasthenes visited the ___ capital and is an important source of ___ history

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Chandragupta Maurya

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Manual for merchants, don't know anything about the author Means Red Sea, written by anonymous Trade relations facilitated by Silk Road Name for the Red Sea, Persian, Gulf, Indian Ocean, all of this is the red sea to them Nature of the work--trading, where to get goods, maritime, unusual people and food

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Periplous of Erythraean Sea

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1st C AD Added to the Roman views of India Becomes the primary source for these manticores and marvels because people forgot Greeks read Latin sources Continuity of Greek views (marvels, continue India as fantasy land)

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Pliny the Elder

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3rd c AD Added to the Roman views of India Continuity of Greek views, marvels, continue India as fantasy land

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Solinus

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3rd-7th C Succeeded the Parthian Empire, which was main power in western Asia Decline of Indo Roman trade Trade from India and contact lost, becomes unreachable place again

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Sassanid Empire

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Of Seville 7th C wrote the Etymologiae Medieval Encyclopedias Medieval views of India, continuity of classical views, impact of Christianity

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Isidore

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Written by Isidore of Seville, medieval encyclopedias

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Etymologiae

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medieval traveller 13th C wrote Il Milione Goes to China, passes India Accounts of India and its marvels, Cynocephaloi and Pygmies says they're mummified monkeys and live in the islands

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Marco Polo

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Written by Marco Polo, medieval travelers, 13th C, goes to China and passes India, accounts India and its marvels

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Il Milione

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14th C traveler Plagiarism of classical account, exactly what Ctesias and Megasthenes said, to modern people this stuff was believed

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John Mandeville

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16th c wrote the "Cosmographia" Discovery of the Americas (New India), new Eschatiai Earliest German description of the world German cartographer and cosmographer

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Sebastian Munster

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Written by Sebastian Munster, 16th c earliest German description of the world Discovery of the Americas, new India

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Cosmographia

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18th C French Jesuit missionary and naturalist, discovery of ginseng, writings on the Iroquois Discovery of the Americas, New India

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Joseph Francois Laufitau

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Psamtik 664-619 BC King of Egypt Offended all the other kings of Egypt and got exiled, came in contact with Greek mercenaries, Ionians and Carians, hires them to push Assyrian influence out of Egypt for a while Keeps the Greek mercenaries (Ionians and Carians) around because they are a great force to have if there is an attack; Egypt is fairly unstable, needed some force completely disconnected from the Egyptian social structure to maintain authority; Positive relationship with the Greeks, maintains a great deal of trade with the Greek isles to create a sense of economic dependence

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Psammetichus I

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Ionians and Carians Pirates brought in by storm Settlement in two camps on the Pelusian Nile (East) First foreign settlers in Egypt

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Greek Mercenaries

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King of Egypt, son of Psammetichus Educated by Greeks, construction projects, sent out an expedition of Phoenicians which sailed from the Red Sea around Africa to the Nile

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Necho II

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589-570 King of Egypt Employed descendants of Greek mercenaries War with Amasis II and defeat, bad defeat, people revolt against ___ ___ sends Amasis to deal with it, Egyptian soldiers claim Amasis pharaoh and form a coup, defeat ___ Greek Mercenaries and Amasis rules as Amasis II

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Apries

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War with Apries and victory Apries sends him to deal with people revolt, Egyptian soldiers claim ___ pharaoh and form a coup, defeats Apries and his Greek Mercenaries, rules Policies with the Greeks: Naucratis--city, likely a foreign emporium of some time before, gives this city to the Greeks, pays to relocate all of them Ladice of Cyrene--marries the daughter/princess of Cyrene which they once warred with

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Amasis II

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Foreign emporium of some time before, Amasis gives this city to the Greeks, pays to relocate all of them, in Egypt Greek run city, major trading center (emporium) Maintain contacts with Greek world, proto-Alexandria Amasis controls the Greeks in Egypt this way, keep them isolated Amasis gave the Greeks money to build this city Melting pot of ethnicities--Greeks, Phoenicians, Carians, Egyptians Renown center for prostitution

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Naucratis

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5th C Travels to Egypt--Memphis and Thebes---main sources for him are the Theban priests of Hephaestus/Egyptian Ta Value as a source for Egyptology, mixture of fact and legend Book __ is entirely about Egypt Three "Logoi" --Egyptian Geography --Customs and Animals --History Also recognizes the alluvial nature of the Nile Valley, discussion on the floods, rejects certain theories

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Herodotus Book 2

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Attempt to determine the oldest race, which this Egyptian king said was the Phrygians based on this ____ Takes children to shepherd, don't talk around them, end up speaking after 2 years, kids say "bekas" which is the Phrygian word for bread, so he determines that's the oldest language and race

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Psammetichus' experiment with language

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Herodotus writes about them Opposite those of the Greeks, focus on these inversions Women work outdoors in the market Men work indoors weaving

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Egyptian Customs

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Herodotus writes about this in Book 2 Diet and practices of the Egyptian priests (completely shaven, can't eat fish or beans) Have sacred animals like the Apis Bull, Cows (Isis), and cats Fantastic creatures honored--crocodile, hippo, phoenix Herodotus says Heracles was an Egyptian god who became a Greek hero People of Mendes had a reverence for the Greek got Pan, cult center of Banebdjedet (Ram God) Origins of Greek rituals like divination and purification from Egypt Equates Greek and Egyptian gods, Zeus-Ammon and Helios-Atmun Says Greeks got their religion from Egyptians, says his Greek religion is the lesser one--which is odd

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Egyptian Religion

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Herodotus says he was an Egyptian god who later became a Greek hero Says Greeks got their religion from the Egyptians, says his Greek religion is the lesser one--odd

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Heracles

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Herodotus talks about this in Book 2 Arrival of Helen and Paris after the fall of Troy--Paris kidnaps Helen and is going back to Troy by way of Egypt, PROTEUS initially arrest Paris but then lets him go and keeps Helen Different version from Homer Fairly accurate account of early Egyptian history like the account of the pyramids (incorrect dating though), provides other narrative legends that are inaccurate Later history--accounts of Psammetichus and Amasis, emphasis on Naucratis and the Greeks, more reliable information on this

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Egyptian History

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The first is an early Egyptian goddess and was the patron deity of Sais, where her cult was centered in the western Nile delta Goddess of war and hunting, virgin mother goddess, weaving Herodotus says that the Egyptian citizens of Sais in Egypt worshipped ___ and identified her with the Greek goddess ____ possibly as a result of the identification of both goddesses with war and weaving

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Neith and Athena

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Herodotus and Diodorus recount that Athena built this city before the deluge that supposedly destroyed Athens and Atlantis. While all the Greek cities were destroyed during this flood, the Egyptian cities including___survived.

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Foundation of Sais

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City of the Sun, City of Helios one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt Worship focused on Atman Main cult of Ra Built by Actis, who was the son of Helios who killed one of his brothers and fled to Egypt and founded this city

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Foundation of Heliopolis

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one of the Heliadae, son of Rhodos and Helios He and three of his brothers were jealous of the fifth brother Tenages' skill at science so they killed him. ___ escaped to Egypt and according to Diodorus and Herodotus built the city of Heliopolis in Egypt to honor his father Helios It was from him that the Egyptians learned astrology

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Actis

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The seven sons of Helios and Rhode and grandsons of Poseidon They were expert astrologers and seafarers, and were first to introduce sacrifices to Athena at Rhodes Actis and Tenages are the main ones, Actis and three other brothers kills Tenages out of jealousy, they have to flee Rhodes, Actis goes to Egypt

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Heliadae

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Wrote the Indika, one of the main ancient sources of Alex the Great Historian, military commander, philosopher of Roman period Known for Anabasis of Alexander and one of the best sources on the campaigns of Alexander the Great, Indika is a description of Alexander's commander Nearchus' voyage from India to the Persian Gulf

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Arrian

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Written by Arrian, mainly tells the story of Alexander's officer Nearchus' voyage from India to the Persian Gulf after Alex's conquest of the Indus Valley In depth describing the history, geography, and culture of the ancient Indian subcontinent.

answer

Indika

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