Global History Since 1500 Final – Flashcards
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Paisley
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Shawl with pinecone pattern. Center of the shawl industry woven on early 19th century Kashmir shawls. It was later imitated on British loom shawls. Dramatically reduced cost of paisley shawls, which used to be very expensive.
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Peat
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a brown, soil-like material characteristic of boggy, acid ground, consisting of partly decomposed vegetable matter. It is widely cut and dried for use in gardening and as fuel. Highly concentrated energy- Thousands of years of sun energy. Causes swamps to burn. Dutch first used peat as source of energy. Helped with golden age of Duth/Netherlands.
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Flying shuttle
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key development in the industrialization of weaving. Invented by John Kay. Allowed to mechanistic weaving (automatic looms). Major invention of the industrial revolution that would later help lead to the spinning jenny and power loom.
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Spinning jenny
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invented by James Hargreaves in 1764. This machine allowed a worker to be able to work with 8 or more spools of yarn at once. Allowed for increased productivity. The jenny combined with the emerging steam technology of the time to create a power loom.
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Power loom
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mechanized loom powered by steam. In the 1830's Sharp and Roberts commercialized and improved the device. The power loom is a culmination of the powerloom and steam technologies of the time. Massive component of the industrial revolution and lead to industrialization of the textile industry.
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Luddites
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group with strong anti-technology sentiments during the Industrial revolution. Angered because of the weaving technology putting people out of work. They destroyed mechanized looms and killed a factory owner. Showed protest of the changing ways of life that the industrial revolution was bringing.
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Caste War of Yucatán
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1847-1901 war between people of European descent and Maya people. Occurred in the region of Yucatan Mexico. Officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901. began with the revolt of native Maya people of Yucatán, Mexico against the population of European descent, called Yucatecos, who held political and economic control of the region. A lengthy war ensued between the Yucateco forces in the north-west of the Yucatán and the independent Maya in the south-east. It officially ended with the occupation of the Maya capital of Chan Santa Cruz by the Mexican army in 1901, although skirmishes with villages and small settlements that refused to acknowledge Mexican control continued for more than a decade.
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Mexican Revolution
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major armed struggle between Mexican Revolutionary forces and the US Army (along with counter revolutionary forces. 1910 revolution against dictator Porfirio Díaz. socialist, liberal, agrarian movement. Over time the Revolution changed from a revolt against the established order to a multi-sided civil war. one of the greatest upheavels of the 20th century. Produced the Mexican Constitution of 1917. The Revolution triggered the creation of the National Revolutionary Party which held power until the general election of 2000.
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John Pemberton
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American pharmacist, known for being the inventor of Coca-Cola. Introduced in 1886 as a patent medicine. It was eventually bought by a businessman (Asa Griggs Candler), whose marketing tactics led Coke to dominate the world soft drink market throughout the 20th century. Pemberton was an important inventor in the industrial revolution.
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Vin Mariani
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a popular French tonic wine created by a Corsican named Angelo Mariani. Combines Bordeaux wine with cocaine. Pemberton, the creator of Coca Cola, would later rip off this drink to create Coca-Cola.
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Coca-Colonisation
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used to describe an invasion by Western and especially American cultural values that threatens the local culture.
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Klemens von Metternich
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(1773-1859), a government minister for the Austrian Empire, was a conservative. One of them was "conservatism," an ideology that regretted both the political and industrial revolutions and sought to restore society to its former condition, in which kings ruled absolutely, the landed nobility had legal privileges and the church censored people who questioned orthodox religion. Prevented Austria from reforming, which may have led to WWI.
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Christine Lagarde
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French lawyer and managing director of the International Monetary Fund since July 5th 2011. Represents the head of the IMF, which is an enormous global economic entity created after WWII. Countries contribute to money to a pool through a quota system and can borrow funds on a temporary basis.
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Adam Smith
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Scottish social philosopher and pioneer of political economy. Wrote The Wealth of Nations which is considered the first modern work of economics. Father of modern economics and capitalism.
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Physiocrats
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economic theory (Physiocracy) believed that the wealth of the nation was derived solely from the value of "land agriculture". Theories originated in France and were most popular during the second half of the 18th century. Physiocracy is perhaps the first well-developed theory of economics.
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"Père Enfantin"
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French Social reformer, founder of Saint-Simonianism. Radical socialist who founded "new Christianity" - very controversial, got him in trouble in France, so he went to Egypt and tried to make the Suez Canal - indirectly leading to the actual creation of the Suez Canal
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Phalansteries
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type of building designed for an utopian community and developed in the early 19th century by Charles Fouier. Based on the idea of a phalanx, this self contained community ideally consisted of 1500-1600 people working together for mutual benefit. Fourier never actually created any Phalansteries. Proposed small, self-sufficient communities prolposed by Charles fourier. Each phalanstery would contain exactly 1620 people. Why? To correspond to the 810 different male and female temperaments! (Did you really have to ask?) Fourier to believe in the equality of women but still proposed brothels (staffed by women) in his phalansteries. Held very eccentric and illogical beliefs, condemned capitalism, never got a benefactor. Significance - utopian theorists, early form of communism.
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Factory Acts
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series of Acts passed by the UK to limit the number of hours worked by women and children in the textile industry, and then later in all industries. Spurred by the Factory reform movement. Acts represented a new element of social angst in the industrial revolution.
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Bretton Woods system
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a system of monetary management established the rules for commercial and financial relations among the world's major industrial states. First example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern monetary relations among independent nation-states. Preparing to rebuild the international economic system, as WWII was still raging, 44 Allied nations gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. Established the International Monetary Fund and beginnings of the World Bank. Beginning entities of of economic globalization.
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Opium Wars
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First Opium War-1839-1842, Second Opium War 1856 to 1860. The war was a climax of disputes over trade and diplomatic relations between the Qing Dynasty of China and the British Empire. Emperor Daoguang in 1838 declared an end to importing opium (that was ruining the country), destroyed 3 million pounds of the British imported opium. Queen Victoria and Parliament sent massive warships to attack china and easily defeated them. Led to the Treaty of Nanjing: British got Hong Kong, More ports/lower income tariffs. China had to pay for the opium and war. People lost faith in their Chinese government to protect them (led to some revolts like the Taiping Rebellion).
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Taiping Rebellion
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(1850-1864) civil war in southern China. Led by Christian covert Hong Xiuquan who believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ. Rebels waged war against the ruling Manchu Qing Dynasty. About 20 million people died in one of the most deadly military conflicts in history. Eventually failed due to division in leadership. Example of rebels revolting against feudal systems. Caused by lack of faith in government after bad defeat in Opium Wars.
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Lin Zexu
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Chinese scholar and official during the Qing Dynasty. Most recognized for his conduct and position against British imported opium and its devastating effects on the country. China's economy and society was being badly affected due to the imports of the British opium. Eventually leading to a large shipment of opium to be burned. Lin's forceful opposition of opium is seen as the primary catalyst of for the First Opium war.
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George Macartney
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Led a major diplomatic mission to China from England to seek greater access to the Asian market. He sought to overturn the sharp restrictions that the Chinese had long imposed on commerce between the two nations. He is important because his failure showed that major ideological differences still separated the east and west.
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Qianlong
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A Chinese emperor who rebuffed the British request for a less restricted trading relationship with China in 1793. He said that they had everything they needed inside the Chinese empire and that there was no need to import the "manufactures of outside barbarians. He was important because while he continued the trend of snubbing the outside world it also led to falling behind of china scientifically and industrially compared to Europe.
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British East India Company
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British joint-stock company formed for pursuing trade with the East Indies but ended up trading mainly with the Indian subcontinent. In 1614 EIC obtained charter to sell textiles in India. Seated in Bombay, India. Company controlled major parts of India until 1853. A chartered company by the government. They were granted a monopoly and the power to make war and to govern conquered peoples. Thus establishing their own trading empire. They are important because they focused on controlling India. They also enslaved lots of people. They could not beat the Mughal Empire.
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Hong Xiuquan
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Leader of the Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864). He believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, saw the Qing Dynasty as corrupt and godless and sought for more socialist, and less opium country. Rebels waged war against the ruling Manchu Qing Dynasty. About 20 million people died in one of the most deadly military conflicts in history. Eventually failed due to division in leadership. Rebellion is an example of rebels revolting against feudal systems. Caused by lack of faith in government after bad defeat in Opium Wars.
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"Self-strengthening"
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period of institutional reforms initiated during the late Qing Dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers (specifically, the Opium Wars with the British and Taiping Rebellion). China tried to catch up with the western powers but most of their businesses were in the hands of foreign powers. Also believed it was necessary to adopt Western military technology and armaments. Really a economic and military modernization than a intelligence or wisdom change.
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Boxer Rebellion
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(1898-1901) Nationalist uprising against foreign imperialism in China by the "Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists". Uprising took place in response to foreign "spheres of influence". Attacked Chinese Christians. Aggressors were mainly poor peasants, some trained in martial arts. Killed European engineers in 1900, tore up railroads and cut power lines. French and British prepared to go against Boxers when Empress Cixi took their side. 20,000 troops from Britain and France came to suppress Boxer Rebellion. This resistance to foreign powers and resistance to technology is a common theme in the rapidly changing world during the industrial revolution.
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Transnational Corporations (TNCs)
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Corporations that produce and deliver goods over many countries. Cause of economic globalization and the increasing view of the entire world as a single market. In modern times, 51 of the worlds largest economic units are TNC's not countries. Shows the increasing webs of connection, and expansion of linkages that occur within manufacturing, marketing and more that connected the world after WWII.
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Woodrow Wilson
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28th president of the United States. During WWI willson took personal control of the armistice with Germany. In 1918 he issued his Fourteen Points, which was his view of a post-war world that would avoid another terrible conflict. Supposed proponent of democracy and "Wilsonian" foreign policy in which we help other nations fight for democracy. But he ended up being picky about the countries he did help (Sorry Ho Chi Mihn).
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Sara and Dara dolls
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play dolls akin to Barbie and Ken that are produced in China, just like Barbie and Ken. Symbolizes Globalization in that both the American and Chinese dolls are both produced in the same place and sold all over the world. Increasing view of the entire world as a single market, not separate, this expansion of linkages occurred after WWII.
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Tokugawa Shogunate
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feudal regime of Japan ruling from 1603 to 1868 (the Edo Period). Shogun-Military rulers. Characterized by its isolation from Europe/West and hostility against Westerners and Christianity (only traded with Dutch at Nagasaki). During this time the modernized heavily, and by 1750 the most urbanized population and country was Japan with Edo (Tokyo) being the worlds largest city with 1 million residents. Tokugawa Shogunate was brought down after Gunboat diplomacy of Commodor Perry which angered the populations and led to Meiji Restoration 1868.
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Meiji Restoration
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chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868-ending the Tokugawa Shogunate and the Edo Period. The "kings" or Japanese Diamyo were replaced with modern officials who could be hired and fired. Led to Meiji Period which introduced dramatic changes to Japan's political and social structure. Adopted new constitution- "parliament with limited Emperor". Along with a sleuth of modernizations such as railways, postal systems, industrial enterprises, newspaper, cinema and department stores. This modernization occurred largely at the expense of Japan's neighbors. Japan expanded their country (invading areas like Manchuria) to gain resources like coal to fuel their industrial revolution.
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Commodore Perry
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Commodore of the US Navy. Played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the west in 1854. Intimidated Japanese with his steam powered warships as he arrived in the port of Edo (Tokyo) and refused to leave. Tokugawa Shogunate eventually signed Gun Boat Diplomacy that opened Japan to trade with the West. This concession on behalf of the feudal government angered the Japanese population and led to the Meiji Restoration/Rebellion.
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Russo-Japanese War
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(1904-1905) Rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea. During the Meiji Restoration Japan expanded their country (invading areas like Manchuria) to gain resources like coal to fuel their industrial revolution. The resulting victory for Japan was unexpected by world observers. Changed the global opinion of Japan on the world stage.
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Treaty of Nanjing
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(1842) marked the end of the First Opium War. Under the treaty British got the port of Hong Kong, Lower import tarrifs, more ports, and China had to pay for the Opium and the war. Domestic trouble due to this embarrassing and damaging defeat weakened and eventually defeated the Qing Dynasty.
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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Heavily infuluednced the Japanese Meiji Period of modernization and industrialization. His deas about government and social institutions made a lasting impression on a rapidly changing Japan. He is regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan. A modern Japan that turned into a global player- shocking the world after winning the Russo-Japanese War.
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Benin "bronzes"
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Sculptures of imported brass what were traded to Europe from the Benin Empire (today Nigeria). Ruler was Oba. Initially, Europeans had admiration for this kingdom and the elegance of the sculptures. Then imperialism occurred and the viewpoint changed into seeing them as barbarians.
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Cecil Rhodes
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(1853-1902) English-born, South African mining magnate. Founder of the company De Beers which to day market 40% of the worlds diamonds and at one time marketed over 90%. He was an ardent believer in British colonial imperialism and founder of state Rhodesia (now modern day Zambia and Zimbabwe). Example of one of the many people who profited from the scramble of Africa and the imperialism, greed and profit of the land.
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Leopold II, King of the Belgians
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Founder and sole ruler of "The Congo Free State". Exploited it solely for its rubber. Congolese suffered greatly. Ran the Congo brutally, using a mercenary force for his personal gain. Responsible for the deaths of millions of people. Example of extremely damaging environment of imperialism, greed and destruction during the Scramble for Africa.
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Menelik II
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King of Ethiopia, hailed for his exceptional ruling and resistance to Italians from colonizing it. Was able to trick western powers to supply them with proper weaponry. Prevented Italians from entering the country with their own armament of maxim guns at the Battle of Adowa (1896). A rare example of successful resistance to European powers during the colonization of Africa.
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Lothar von Trotha
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military commander widely condemned for his conduct of in the Herero Wars of German South-west Africa. Especially for the Herero and Namaqua Genocide (1904-1907) which is considered the first genocide of the 20th century. Killing tens of thousands through starvation and thirst. Some consider that Germany got its apprenticeship in Genocide from these events in Africa.
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Tipu Sultan
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aka The Tiger of Mysore was the ruler of the Kingdom of Mysore (S. India). In power during the 3rd and 4th Mysore War, sought alliance with France in 1787, but France was Bankrupt from US War of independence and couldn't help defend from the British. Sultan fought without the French and lost. Had to give up half his territories, pay indemnities and give his sons as hostages to Cornwallis. When he needed the French again, they were busy w/ their French Rebellion and Napoleonic Wars. British defeated Tipu Sultan this time in the 4th Mysore war and killed him at Seringapatum. His death was translated into many plays and prints. His life is still in the collective memories of British India. Part of key events that led to the Indian Rebellion (Seypoy) as the British take more and more of India.
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Sepoy Rebellion
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(1857) began as mutiny of sepoys (Indian soldiers) of the British E.I.C.'s army. Soon escalated to other mutinies and civilian rebellions largely in upper and central India. Seypoys initially rebelled because they were issued a new rifle that may have had pork/beef fat as lubricant (Muslims/Hindu's not OK with eating pork/beef). Important battle occurred at the Battle of Cawnpone where the British wreaked vengeance on over 100,000 Seypoy Indians. Rebellion lead to the dissolution of the E.I.C in 1858 and led to British reorganizing army, financial system and administration of India (was now under the crown's rule).
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Fashoda
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area where the "Fashoda Crisis" (1898) occurred. Climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa. Two countries were brought to the verge of war, but ended in diplomatic victory for the British. Gave rise to the 'Fashoda Syndrome' in French foreign policy seeking to assert influence in areas, which might be becoming susceptible to British influence.
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Jean-Baptiste Marchand
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Commander of the French expeditionary force during the "Fashoda Incident/Crisis". Which was the climax of imperial territorial disputes between Britain and France in Eastern Africa. Two countries were brought to the verge of war, but ended in diplomatic victory for the British. Gave rise to the 'Fashoda Syndrome' in French foreign policy seeking to assert influence in areas which might be becoming susceptible to British influence.
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"In Flanders Fields"
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is a war poem written by Canadian physician and Lieutenant Colonel John McCrae. Inspired to write it after presiding over the funeral of friend and fellow soldier who died during the Second Battle of Ypres. One of the most popular and most quoted poems from the war.
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Social Darwinism
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the idea that nations are engaged in a fight for survival in collaboration with Herbert Spencers: "survival of the fittest" ideology- this helped to fuel WWI nationalism and hostility.
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Battle of Tsingtao
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attack on German controlled port during WWI by Imperial Japan and the UK in 1914. It was the first encounter between Japanese and German forces and also the first Anglo-Japanese Operation during the war. This siege made it into the first World War.
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Tirailleurs Sénégalais
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Corps of colonial infantry in French Army recruited from Senegal, French West Africa. They fought on the French behalf. This is an example of colonial troops fighting and dying in areas like Africa, Insia, China, S.E. Asia, Australia and New Zealand on their colonizers behalves.
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Benito Mussolini
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(1883-1945) Italian politician who led the National Fascist Party ruling the country from 1922 to 1943. Credited with being one of the key figures in the creation of fascism. Supporters were known as the "Black shirts" and his government was initially praised for "making the trains run on time". Suppressed opposing parties, labor unions and had a cozy relationship with the Pope and Church (he made the Vatican a sovereign state so long as the Pope pretended he wasn't evil).
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"Dolchstoss" ("Stab in the Back") legend
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notion, widely believed in right-wing ciricles in Germany after 1918, that the German Army did not lose WWI but instead was betrayed by the civilians on the homefront, especially the republicans that overthrew the monarchy (mainly the Jewish). Therefore Hitler was able to gain a victory over "the fourteen years of rule by Jews, Marxists and "cultural Bolsheviks". Basically people believed that the communists and Jews made Germany lose WWI and the Great Depression.
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Volkswagen
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was originally founded in 1937 by the Nazi trade union and German Labour Front. Broke the mold of only luxury cars that were on the market until this "people's car" came along and captured a whole new market.
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Nuremberg laws
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(1935) anti-Semitic laws Nazi Germany introduced. After the takeover of power in 1933 by Hitler, Nazism became an official ideology incorporating anti-Semitism as a form of scientific racism. German legislation directed at Jews banned "non-Aryans" from the civil-service.
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Kristallnacht
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a series of coordinated attacks against Jews throughout Nazi Germany and parts of Austria in November 1938 carried out by SA stormtroopers and civilians. Known as the "Night of Broken Glass" due to the all the Jewish-owned stores, buildings and synagogues. German authorities looked on without intervening. This was the first of many atrocities that specifically targeted a race of people.
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Auschwitz
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network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in contemporary Poland. It was the largest of the German concentration camps. An estimated 1.3 million people died there, 90% of them Jews. It serves as a symbol and reminder of the Holocaust, Nazi Germany and anti-Semitism.
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Marshall Philippe Pétain
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Premier of France during German invasion. They resolved to make peace with Germany. His government voted to transform the discredited French Third Republic in to the French State, and authoritarian regime. As the war progressed he and his government collaborated heavily with the Germans, who eventually occupied the whole of metropolitan France. Petain was regarded as "Hitler's Lapdog" and his actions during WWII got him convicted and sentenced to death for treason.
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The Rape of Nanjing
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occurred during the Japanses invasion of China. Japanese forces slaughtered 300,000 men, women and children. Even Nazi Germany protested. A mass murder and war rape occurring during the six-week period following the Japanese capture of the city of Nanjing. Historians estimate 250,000-300,000 were killed. China gathered sympathy from the globe.
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Matsui Iwane
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Imperial Japanese Army general and the commander of the expeditionary forces sent to China in WWII. He was convicted of war crimes and sentenced to death by hanging by the International Military Tribunal. Instances such as "The Rape of Nanjing" and "comfort women" were some of the atrocities.
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"Comfort women"
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Euphemism to describe the women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese during WWII. The exact number is still being debated (ranges from 20,000 to 410,000). Majority of the women were from Korea, China, Japan and the Philippines. Young women were abducted from their homes, or sometimes lured with the promise of work in factories or resturants.
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Kulaks
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category of relatively affluent farmers in the later Russian Empire, Soviet Russia, and early Soviet Union. Word originally referred to peasantry who emerged wealthy around 1906. According to the political theory of Marxism-Leninism of the early 20th century, the kulaks were the class enemies of the poorer peasants. Marxists-Leninists intended a revolution to liberate poor peasants and farm laborers alongside the proletariat (urban and industrial workers).
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Stalinist Terror
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also known as The Great Purge was a series of political repressions and murder in the Soviet Union orchestrated by Joseph Stalin from 1937-1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the communist party and government officials, repression of peasants, Red Army leadership, and the persecution of unaffiliated saboteurs.
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Anna Akhmatova
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Russian and Soviet modernist poet, one of the most acclaimed writers in the Russian canon. Her poem Requiem is a tragic masterpiece about the Stalinist terror.
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Great Leap Forward
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(1958-1961) was an economic and social campaign of the Communist Party of China which aimed to use China's vast population to rapidly transform the country from agrarian economy into a modern communist society through the process of rapid industrialization and collectivization. Ended in catastrophe resulting in the deaths of 18-32.5 million. Regarded as one of the most deadly mass killings of human history. Ended up being economic regression (negative growth). A very expensive disaster. Lead to Mao being marginalized until the Cultural Revolution.
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Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (aka Cultural Revolution) [1966-1976]
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social-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China. Set into motion by Mao Zedong its stated goal was to enforce socialism in the country by removing capitalist traditional and cultural elements from Chinese society. Marked the return of Mao Zedong to a position of absolute power after the failed Great Leap Forward. The movement politically paralyzed the country. Mao directed "Red Guard" groups to attack Bourgeois. Also a mass purge of senior officials.
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Mikhail Gorbachev
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General Secretary of the Communist Party of the USSR from 1985 to 1991. His reforms (like Perestrokia and Glasnost) and summit conferences with Ronald Reagan contributed to the end of the Cold War, and fall of USSR. For these efforts, he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.
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Mahatma Gandhi
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(1869-1948) preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.
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Ho Chi Minh
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Vietnamese Marxist-Leninist revolutionary leader who was prime minister and president of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (N. Vietnam) around 1945-1969. He was a key figure in the foundation of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 as well as the People's Army of Vietnam and the Viet Cong during the Vietnam War.
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Bao Dai
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"The Last Emperor of Vietnam". Was a puppet to the French and under their protection. He was criticized for being too closely associated with France and spending much of his time outside of Vietnam. He was ousted in a referendum vote in 1955.
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
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Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey. Example of new independence of countries.
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Nelson Mandela
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South African politician who served as President of South Africa from 1994 to 1999. The first ever to tobe elected in a fully representative democratic election. Before his election he was a militant anti-apartheid activist and the leader of the armed wing of the African National Congress (ANC). Spent 27 years in prison.
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A. Adu Boahen
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Ghanaian academic, historian, and politician around 1992. He was a main proponent of Ghanaian independence and rights. a Ghanaian politician who co-founded the Movement for Freedom and Justice, and served as its first chairman. The ban on political parties in Ghana was lifted in 1992. In the subsequent 1992 presidential election, Boahen was the New Patriotic Party's nominee. He is credited with breaking the so-called "culture of silence" which marked the regime of President Jerry Rawlings, who won the 1992 election.
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Mildred Malineo Tau
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Feminist from Lesotho who exposed the importance women in African society. A key part of the international feminist movement. was the ambassador of Lesotho to the U.S., Mexico and Brazil. She wrote Women: Critical to African Development, an essay that focused on the role of women in the modern development of African countries. Her essay outlined the sexual inequality and helped change Africa's development plan to one that made women more equal.
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Asante Kingdom
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people living predominantly in Ghana and thr Ivory Coast. Prior to European colonization, the people developed a large and influential empire in W. Africa. The Asante later developed a confederation and became dominant in the region.
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Quamina Eddoo
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Defendant in the case against Abina Mansah in which she believes that he unlawfully enslaved her. Owner of large plantation that cultivates kola nuts.
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Battle of Adowa
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1896 battle between Ethiopia and Italy. Ethiopia won decisively, making a statement about its ability to compete with European powers as it remained un-colonized. Thanks largely to Menelik II: King of Ethiopia for his exceptional ruling and resistance to Italians from colonizing it. Was able to trick western powers to supply them with proper weaponry. Prevented Italians from entering the country with their own armament of maxim guns at the Battle of Adowa (1896). A rare example of successful resistance to European powers during the colonization of Africa.
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Quinine
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An anti-malarial drug. Its development aided in the colonization of Africa by protecting the Europeans from this deadly disease
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Maxim Gun
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The one of the first rapid fire gun, developed in the late 1800s. It gave Europe and the US a distinct advantage in colonization. Used heavily in the Scramble for Africa and colonization of India.
