Global Chapter 22 (Boardman) – Flashcards

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Who is Otto Bon Bismarck?
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He came from Prussia's Junker class; served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France. He was a master of Realpolitik and was the architect of German unity but was not a German nationalist. His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns.
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What is a chancellor?
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the highest official of a monarch.
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What is Realpolitik?
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realistic politics based on the needs of a state.
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What does annex mean?
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to add a territory to an existing state or country.
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What is a kaiser?
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emperor of Germany.
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What is a Reich?
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German empire
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How did Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the drive for German unity?
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Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the the drive for German unity. He did so using his policy of "blood and iron". Bismarck's success was due in part to his strong will. He was a master of Realpolitik. Bismarck led Prussia into three wars, each war increasing Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity.
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What territorial and economic changes promoted German unity?
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Territorial and economic changes promoted German unity. These changes include Napoleon annexing lands along the Rhine River for France and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon encouraged freeing the serfs, made trade easier, and abolished laws against the Jews. Some Germans who did not appreciate Napoleon and his changes began to demand a unified German state.
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What was chancellor Otto von Bismarck's main goal? What policies did he follow to meet that goal?
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Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's main goal was to unite German states under Prussian rule. Policies that he followed to meet that goal include his policy of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik. Bismarck's success was due in part to his strong will. Bismarck led Prussia into three wars, increasing Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity. Bismarck strengthened the army with money collected for something else, invented an excuse to attack Austria, and tricked Napoleon III into war with Prussia.
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Identify three examples of Bismarck's use of Realpolitik.
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Three examples of Bismarck's use of Realpolitik include (1) his strengthening the army using money collected for other purposes in order to pursue an aggressive foreign policy, (2) invented an excuse to attack Austria, and (3) tricking Napoleon III into war with Prussia.
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How come Bismarck stepped down as chancellor?
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Bismarck stepped down as chancellor because William II asked him to step down. William II believed that there should only be one ruler, and it should be him because he believed his right to rule came from God.
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How did the emperor and his chancellor retain power in the new German government?
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The emperor and his chancellor retained power in the new German government because a constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature. The Bundesrat, or upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German states. The Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage. Because the Budesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.
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What is Kulturkampf?
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Bismarck's "battle for civilization," intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church
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Who is William II?
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emperor who asked Bismarck to resign; rules by divine right; and he continues to modernize Germany through social programs, education and a military buildup.
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What is social welfare?
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programs to help certain groups of people
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How did Germany increase its power after unifying in 1871?
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After unifying in 1871, GermanyI increased its power in many ways. With a strong sense of nationalism and loyalty, the people would not rebel against Germany. Germany became an industrial giant due to ample iron and coal resources. After launching the Kulturkampf, Bismarck worked to make peace with the Church. The German government also promoted economic development, reorganized the banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the various German states.
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How did Germany become an industrial giant in the late 1800s?
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Germany became an industrial giant in the late 1800s Germany had founded large companies and built many railroads. Germany's ample iron and coal resources were the basic ingredients for industrial development. A disciplined and educated workforce also helped the economy. The German middle class and educated professionals helped to create a productive and efficient society that prided itself on its responsibility and deference to authority. Germany's rapidly growing population also provided a huge home market along with a larger supply of industrial workers.
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What did Italian Immigration solve?
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Italian Immigration solved the tensions created by the population explosion of this period.
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Who was Camillo Cavour?
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King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister. He was a shrewd, ruthless politician who improved the Italian agricultural system, infrastructure and modernized Sardinia. His main goal was to expel the Austrians. He provoked and defeated a war with Austria.
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Who is Giuseppe Garibaldi?
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a longtime nationalist and ally of Mazzini, who wanted to create an Italian republic. His forces won control of Sicily.
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Who is an anarchist?
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someone who wants to abolish all government.
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What is emigration?
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Movement away from one's homeland
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How did influential leaders help to create a unified Italy?
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Influential leaders helped to create a unified Italy. Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society, who wanted to constitute Italy a free, independent, republican nation. To Mazzini, a unified Italy made sense because of its geography, and because of common language and history. Nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern Italy. Camillo Cavour was appointed prime minister, he improved the agricultural system, infrastructure and modernized the country, built railroads, encouraged commerce by supporting free trade, and wanted to end Austrian power in Italy.
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(a) What obstacles to unity did Italian nationalists face? (b) What conditions favored unity?
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(a) Italian nationalists faced obstacles to unity. Obstacles such as frequent warfare and foreign rule led people to identify with local regions. Each region was ruled by a different person. In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern Italy. With each revolt, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels. (b) Some conditions that favored unity are the secret society formed. One society called Young Italy had a goal to to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation. Nationalists reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval papacy. Italy had a common language and history, and unification would end trade barriers and stimulate industry.
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(a) What was the source of conflict between Garibaldi and Cavour? (b) How was the conflict resolved?
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(a) The source of conflict between Garibaldi and Cavour was that Cavour feared that the famous Garibaldi would set up his own republic in the South. (b) The conflict was resolved by Cavour urging Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. Instead, the Sardinians overran the Papal Stats and linked up with Garibaldi and his force in Naples. Garibaldi would turn over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel II who would be crowned king in 1861.
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What challenges did Italians face after unification?
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After unification, Italians faced problems. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. Northern Italy was richer and had more cities than the South. Northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of business and culture. The south was rural and poor. Its population was booming, but illiterate peasants could extract only a meager existence from the exhausted farmland. Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. Anarchists tried to abolish all government. Many Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin America states.
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Who was King Victor Emmanuel?
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Sardinia's constitutional monarch who hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. He appointed Camillo Cavour as his prime minister.
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Who was Francis Joseph?
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inherited the Hapsburg throne at age 18. He made some limited reforms including a new constitution that set up a legislature
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Who is Ferenc Deák?
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a moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
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What is a Dual Monarchy?
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a new political power of Austria-Hungary set up by Ferenc Deák. Under the agreement, Austria and Hungary were separate states. Each had its own constitution and parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both. The two states shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were dependent on each other in all other areas.
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How did the desire for national independence among ethnic groups weaken and ultimately destroy the Austrian and Ottoman empires?
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The desire for national independence among ethnic groups weakened and ultimately destroyed the Austrian and Ottoman empires. Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe. In the Ottoman empire, various ethnic groups demanded independence, and European powers competing for influence supported some of these groups. In the Austrian empire, they formed the Dual Monarchy, giving Hungary its own constitution and parliament. Other groups continued to press for national freedom.
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What alternatives did Francis Joseph have in responding to nationalist demands? How might Austrian history have been different if he had chosen a different course of action?
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The alternatives that Francis Joseph had in responding to Nationalist demands include a new constitution and legislature. This body was dominated by German speaking Austrians, thus the reforms satisfied none of the other national groups that populated the empire. The Hungarians wouldn't settle for anything less than self government. Austrian history might have been different if he had chosen a different course of action because it might have allowed the including of all ethnic groups in the legislature. It wouldn't control unrest and keep the empire alive longer.
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Why did the Dual Monarchy fail to end nationalist demands?
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The Dual Monarchy failed to end nationalist demands because although Hungarians welcomed the compromise, other subject peoples resented it. Restlessness increased among various Slavic groups, especially the Czechs in Bohemia. Some nationalist leaders called on Slavs to unite, insisting that "only through liberty, equality, and fraternal solidarity" could Slavic peoples fulfill their "great mission in the history of mankind." By the early 1900s, nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems.
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How did Balkan nationalism contribute to the decline of the Ottoman empire?
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Balkan nationalism contributed to the decline of the Ottoman empire because many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. Various subject people set up revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers divide up the Ottoman empire. In the end, a complex web of competing interests contributes to a series of crisis and wars in the Balkans. Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans.
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What does colossus mean?
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Giant
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Who was Alexander II?
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came to throne during the Crimean War. His reign represents the pattern of reform and repression used by his father and grandfather.
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What was the Crimean War?
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war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Turks from 1853-1856.
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What does emancipation mean?
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granting of freedom to serfs or slaves
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What does zemtvo mean?
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local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II
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What is a pogrom?
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violent attack in a Jewish community
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What are refugees?
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people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere
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What is a Duma?
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Elected national legislature in Russia
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Who is Peter Stolypin?
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conservative prime minister who sought to restore order; arrests, pogroms,and executions followed.
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How were the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires similar?
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they both presided over a multi-national empire. Nationalism contributed to the decline of these empires.
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What was the longest ruling dynasty in Europe in the 1800s?
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The Hapsburgs.
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How did Russian tsars rule?
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Russian tsars ruled with absolute power, imposing their will on their subjects.
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What type of reforms did Russians tsars have?
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Types of reforms Russian tsars had include easing censorship, revising law code, limiting the power of landowners, freeing serfs, creating local self-government (zemstvos), creating national legislature (Duma), and land reforms.
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Why did industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe?
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Industrialization and reform came more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe. This is due in part of the social structure. Russia was poor and technologically behind the rest of Europe. Russia was an autocracy that was still largely agricultural and based on serf labor. The tsars and nobles did not want to make changes or improvements that might undermine their authority and way of life.
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What conditions in Russia challenged progress during the early 1800s?
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The conditions in Russia that challenged progress during the early 1800's include economic underdevelopment, a rigid social structure, and existing serfdom. A great obstacle to progress was the rigid social structure. Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change that would threaten their privileges. The middle class was too small to have much influence. The majority of Russians were serfs, or laborers bound to the land and to masters who controlled their fates.
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How did Russian tsars typically react to change?
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The tsars and nobles did not want to make changes or improvements that might undermine their authority and way of life. Russian tsars imprisoned or sent critics into exile.
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What does Bloody Sunday suggest about the relationship between the tsar and the Russian people?
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Bloody Sunday suggests that the relationship between the tsar and the Russian people was rigid. The people expected the tsar to protect them, while the tsar just wanted to preserve absolute power. Organized by a young Orthodox priest, a protest made the fearful tsar flee. As people approached, rows of troops shot at them. The tsar had deserted them. The slaughter marked a turning point for Russians. It killed the people's faith and trust in the tsar, leading to revolution.
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How did Germany increase its power in the late 1800s?
answer
Germany increased its power in many ways. With a strong sense of nationalism and loyalty, the people would not rebel against Germany. Germany became an industrial giant due to ample iron and coal resources. After launching the Kulturkampf, Bismarck worked to make peace with the Church. The German government also promoted economic development, reorganized the banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the various German states.
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How did nationalism contribute to the decline of the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires?
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Nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires. The Hapsburgs presided over a multi-national empire. The Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands as long as they could. When nationalist revolts broke out in 1848, the government crushed them. When Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg throne, he strengthened the empire at its home and made some limited reforms. The reforms only satisfied the German-speaking Austrians, and none of the other national groups. Nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems. In the Ottoman empire, various ethnic groups demanded independence, and European powers competing for influence supported some of these groups. Various subject people set up revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers divided up the Ottoman empire, in the end, a complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crisis and wars in the Balkans, which was part of the Ottoman empire. Russia also fought several wars against the Ottomans.
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Who is the dominant European power in 1871?
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Germany
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What were the Red Shirts?
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The Red Shirts were formed by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They were a group of about 1,000 volunteers, they were provided with weapons, and allowed two ships to go to Sicily. Garibaldi's forces won control of Sicily, crossed to the mainland, and marched triumphantly north to Naples.
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Who was William I of Germany and what title did he hold?
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William I of Germany was a Prussian King and German Kaiser. All of the German states were united under him.
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What was the Zollverein and what did it do?
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It was an economic union that allowed unrestricted trade between German states. His reign is called the second Reich.
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What was the German Confederation?
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It was a weak alliance headed by Austria. It came about after the death of Napoleon.
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The tsars wanted Russification, what was it?
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Russification was making a nationality's culture more ethnically Russian. It aimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russian peoples within the empire.
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When Italy finally united, what type of government did they have?
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When Italy finally united,they had a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature.
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What was The Frankfurt Assembly and what did it do?
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It attempted to politically unify the German states, and offered a kingship to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. He rejected the offer because it would have been appointed through the people.
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What was the Franco-Prussian War?
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Prussia vs. France over the struggle for vacant Spanish thrown. Napoleon III would surrender after a few weeks of fighting.
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What was Otto von Bismarck called?
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The Iron Chancellor
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What were the Balkans known as a "Powder Keg"?
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There was a web of complex competing interests in this area that could blow up at any time.
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What was built under Count Serge Witte?
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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Why was Germany not a democracy?
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Germany was not a democracy because they had a two house legislature consisting of the Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by the rulers of the German states, and the Reichstag (lower house) elected by universal man suffrage. Real power remained with the emperor and the chancellor.
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Who created new products in Germany and what two groups of people had to combine their efforts?
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Carl Zeiss, August Thyssen, and the House of Krupp all created new products in Germany. Carl Zeiss built a company known for its telescopes, microscope, and other optical equipment. August Thyssen built a small steel factory of 70 workers into a giant empire with 50,000 employees. The house of Krupp was an enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market.
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