Global Chapter 22 (Boardman) – Flashcards

He came from Prussia's Junker class; served Prussia as a diplomat in Russia and France. He was a master of Realpolitik and was the architect of German unity but was not a German nationalist. His primary loyalty was to the Hohenzollerns.

the highest official of a monarch.

realistic politics based on the needs of a state.

to add a territory to an existing state or country.

emperor of Germany.

German empire

Otto von Bismarck, the chancellor of Prussia, lead the the drive for German unity. He did so using his policy of "blood and iron". Bismarck's success was due in part to his strong will. He was a master of Realpolitik. Bismarck led Prussia into three wars, each war increasing Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity.

Territorial and economic changes promoted German unity. These changes include Napoleon annexing lands along the Rhine River for France and dissolving the Holy Roman Empire. Napoleon encouraged freeing the serfs, made trade easier, and abolished laws against the Jews. Some Germans who did not appreciate Napoleon and his changes began to demand a unified German state.

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck's main goal was to unite German states under Prussian rule. Policies that he followed to meet that goal include his policy of "blood and iron" and Realpolitik. Bismarck's success was due in part to his strong will. Bismarck led Prussia into three wars, increasing Prussian prestige and power and paved the way for German unity. Bismarck strengthened the army with money collected for something else, invented an excuse to attack Austria, and tricked Napoleon III into war with Prussia.

Three examples of Bismarck's use of Realpolitik include (1) his strengthening the army using money collected for other purposes in order to pursue an aggressive foreign policy, (2) invented an excuse to attack Austria, and (3) tricking Napoleon III into war with Prussia.

Bismarck stepped down as chancellor because William II asked him to step down. William II believed that there should only be one ruler, and it should be him because he believed his right to rule came from God.

The emperor and his chancellor retained power in the new German government because a constitution drafted by Bismarck set up a two-house legislature. The Bundesrat, or upper house, was appointed by the rulers of the German states. The Reichstag, or lower house, was elected by universal male suffrage. Because the Budesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag, real power remained in the hands of the emperor and his chancellor.

Bismarck's "battle for civilization," intended to make Catholics put loyalty to the state above their allegiance to the Church

emperor who asked Bismarck to resign; rules by divine right; and he continues to modernize Germany through social programs, education and a military buildup.

programs to help certain groups of people

After unifying in 1871, GermanyI increased its power in many ways. With a strong sense of nationalism and loyalty, the people would not rebel against Germany. Germany became an industrial giant due to ample iron and coal resources. After launching the Kulturkampf, Bismarck worked to make peace with the Church. The German government also promoted economic development, reorganized the banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the various German states.

Germany became an industrial giant in the late 1800s Germany had founded large companies and built many railroads. Germany's ample iron and coal resources were the basic ingredients for industrial development. A disciplined and educated workforce also helped the economy. The German middle class and educated professionals helped to create a productive and efficient society that prided itself on its responsibility and deference to authority. Germany's rapidly growing population also provided a huge home market along with a larger supply of industrial workers.

Italian Immigration solved the tensions created by the population explosion of this period.

King Victor Emmanuel's prime minister. He was a shrewd, ruthless politician who improved the Italian agricultural system, infrastructure and modernized Sardinia. His main goal was to expel the Austrians. He provoked and defeated a war with Austria.

a longtime nationalist and ally of Mazzini, who wanted to create an Italian republic. His forces won control of Sicily.

someone who wants to abolish all government.

Movement away from one's homeland

Influential leaders helped to create a unified Italy. Giuseppe Mazzini founded Young Italy, a secret society, who wanted to constitute Italy a free, independent, republican nation. To Mazzini, a unified Italy made sense because of its geography, and because of common language and history. Nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern Italy. Camillo Cavour was appointed prime minister, he improved the agricultural system, infrastructure and modernized the country, built railroads, encouraged commerce by supporting free trade, and wanted to end Austrian power in Italy.

(a) Italian nationalists faced obstacles to unity. Obstacles such as frequent warfare and foreign rule led people to identify with local regions. Each region was ruled by a different person. In response, nationalists organized secret patriotic societies and focused their efforts on expelling Austrian forces from northern Italy. With each revolt, Austria sent in troops to crush the rebels. (b) Some conditions that favored unity are the secret society formed. One society called Young Italy had a goal to to constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation. Nationalists reminded Italians of the glories of ancient Rome and the medieval papacy. Italy had a common language and history, and unification would end trade barriers and stimulate industry.

(a) The source of conflict between Garibaldi and Cavour was that Cavour feared that the famous Garibaldi would set up his own republic in the South. (b) The conflict was resolved by Cavour urging Victor Emmanuel to send Sardinian troops to deal with Garibaldi. Instead, the Sardinians overran the Papal Stats and linked up with Garibaldi and his force in Naples. Garibaldi would turn over Sicily and Naples to Victor Emmanuel II who would be crowned king in 1861.

After unification, Italians faced problems. Strong regional rivalries left Italy unable to solve critical national issues. Northern Italy was richer and had more cities than the South. Northern Italian cities had flourished as centers of business and culture. The south was rural and poor. Its population was booming, but illiterate peasants could extract only a meager existence from the exhausted farmland. Hostility between Italy and the Roman Catholic Church further divided the nation. Anarchists tried to abolish all government. Many Italians left for the United States, Canada, and Latin America states.

Sardinia's constitutional monarch who hoped to join other states to his own, thereby increasing his power. He appointed Camillo Cavour as his prime minister.

inherited the Hapsburg throne at age 18. He made some limited reforms including a new constitution that set up a legislature

a moderate Hungarian leader who helped work out a compromise that created a new political power known as the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary.

a new political power of Austria-Hungary set up by Ferenc Deák. Under the agreement, Austria and Hungary were separate states. Each had its own constitution and parliament. Francis Joseph ruled both. The two states shared ministries of finance, defense, and foreign affairs, but were dependent on each other in all other areas.

The desire for national independence among ethnic groups weakened and ultimately destroyed the Austrian and Ottoman empires. Nationalist feelings among these subject peoples contributed to tensions building across Europe. In the Ottoman empire, various ethnic groups demanded independence, and European powers competing for influence supported some of these groups. In the Austrian empire, they formed the Dual Monarchy, giving Hungary its own constitution and parliament. Other groups continued to press for national freedom.

The alternatives that Francis Joseph had in responding to Nationalist demands include a new constitution and legislature. This body was dominated by German speaking Austrians, thus the reforms satisfied none of the other national groups that populated the empire. The Hungarians wouldn't settle for anything less than self government. Austrian history might have been different if he had chosen a different course of action because it might have allowed the including of all ethnic groups in the legislature. It wouldn't control unrest and keep the empire alive longer.

The Dual Monarchy failed to end nationalist demands because although Hungarians welcomed the compromise, other subject peoples resented it. Restlessness increased among various Slavic groups, especially the Czechs in Bohemia. Some nationalist leaders called on Slavs to unite, insisting that "only through liberty, equality, and fraternal solidarity" could Slavic peoples fulfill their "great mission in the history of mankind." By the early 1900s, nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems.

Balkan nationalism contributed to the decline of the Ottoman empire because many Serbs and Greeks still lived in the Balkans under Ottoman rule. The Ottoman empire was home to other national groups, such as Bulgarians and Romanians. Various subject people set up revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers divide up the Ottoman empire. In the end, a complex web of competing interests contributes to a series of crisis and wars in the Balkans. Russia fought several wars against the Ottomans.

Giant

came to throne during the Crimean War. His reign represents the pattern of reform and repression used by his father and grandfather.

war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Turks from 1853-1856.

granting of freedom to serfs or slaves

local elected assembly set up in Russia under Alexander II

violent attack in a Jewish community

people who flee their homeland to seek safety elsewhere

Elected national legislature in Russia

conservative prime minister who sought to restore order; arrests, pogroms,and executions followed.

they both presided over a multi-national empire. Nationalism contributed to the decline of these empires.

The Hapsburgs.

Russian tsars ruled with absolute power, imposing their will on their subjects.

Types of reforms Russian tsars had include easing censorship, revising law code, limiting the power of landowners, freeing serfs, creating local self-government (zemstvos), creating national legislature (Duma), and land reforms.

Industrialization and reform came more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe. This is due in part of the social structure. Russia was poor and technologically behind the rest of Europe. Russia was an autocracy that was still largely agricultural and based on serf labor. The tsars and nobles did not want to make changes or improvements that might undermine their authority and way of life.

The conditions in Russia that challenged progress during the early 1800's include economic underdevelopment, a rigid social structure, and existing serfdom. A great obstacle to progress was the rigid social structure. Landowning nobles dominated society and rejected any change that would threaten their privileges. The middle class was too small to have much influence. The majority of Russians were serfs, or laborers bound to the land and to masters who controlled their fates.

The tsars and nobles did not want to make changes or improvements that might undermine their authority and way of life. Russian tsars imprisoned or sent critics into exile.

Bloody Sunday suggests that the relationship between the tsar and the Russian people was rigid. The people expected the tsar to protect them, while the tsar just wanted to preserve absolute power. Organized by a young Orthodox priest, a protest made the fearful tsar flee. As people approached, rows of troops shot at them. The tsar had deserted them. The slaughter marked a turning point for Russians. It killed the people's faith and trust in the tsar, leading to revolution.

Germany increased its power in many ways. With a strong sense of nationalism and loyalty, the people would not rebel against Germany. Germany became an industrial giant due to ample iron and coal resources. After launching the Kulturkampf, Bismarck worked to make peace with the Church. The German government also promoted economic development, reorganized the banking system, and coordinated railroads built by the various German states.

Nationalism contributed to the decline of the Hapsburg and Ottoman empires. The Hapsburgs presided over a multi-national empire. The Hapsburgs ignored nationalist demands as long as they could. When nationalist revolts broke out in 1848, the government crushed them. When Francis Joseph inherited the Hapsburg throne, he strengthened the empire at its home and made some limited reforms. The reforms only satisfied the German-speaking Austrians, and none of the other national groups. Nationalist unrest often left the government paralyzed in the face of pressing political and social problems. In the Ottoman empire, various ethnic groups demanded independence, and European powers competing for influence supported some of these groups. Various subject people set up revolts against the Ottomans, hoping to set up their own independent states. European powers divided up the Ottoman empire, in the end, a complex web of competing interests contributed to a series of crisis and wars in the Balkans, which was part of the Ottoman empire. Russia also fought several wars against the Ottomans.

Germany

The Red Shirts were formed by Giuseppe Garibaldi. They were a group of about 1,000 volunteers, they were provided with weapons, and allowed two ships to go to Sicily. Garibaldi's forces won control of Sicily, crossed to the mainland, and marched triumphantly north to Naples.

William I of Germany was a Prussian King and German Kaiser. All of the German states were united under him.

It was an economic union that allowed unrestricted trade between German states. His reign is called the second Reich.

It was a weak alliance headed by Austria. It came about after the death of Napoleon.

Russification was making a nationality's culture more ethnically Russian. It aimed at suppressing the cultures of non-Russian peoples within the empire.

When Italy finally united,they had a constitutional monarchy with a two house legislature.

It attempted to politically unify the German states, and offered a kingship to King Frederick William IV of Prussia. He rejected the offer because it would have been appointed through the people.

Prussia vs. France over the struggle for vacant Spanish thrown. Napoleon III would surrender after a few weeks of fighting.

The Iron Chancellor

There was a web of complex competing interests in this area that could blow up at any time.

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Germany was not a democracy because they had a two house legislature consisting of the Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by the rulers of the German states, and the Reichstag (lower house) elected by universal man suffrage. Real power remained with the emperor and the chancellor.

Carl Zeiss, August Thyssen, and the House of Krupp all created new products in Germany. Carl Zeiss built a company known for its telescopes, microscope, and other optical equipment. August Thyssen built a small steel factory of 70 workers into a giant empire with 50,000 employees. The house of Krupp was an enormous industrial complex that produced steel and weapons for a world market.