question

In Europe, a major characteristic of humanism was

answer

an appreciation for the basic worth of individual achievement

question

What is a characteristic of the Renaissance in Europe?

answer

creativity in the arts was encouraged

question

Which statement describes a direct effect of the Renaissance on Western Europe?

answer

the philosophy of humanism brought about a decrease in the power of the Roman Catholic Church

question

The Renaissance and the Protestant Reformation were similar in that both were

answer

stimulated by a spirit of inquiry

question

Which statement best describes a change that occurred during both the Renaissance and the Enlightenment?

answer

a new questioning spirit and attitude emerged

question

One factor that enabled the Renaissance to flourish in Northern Italy was that the region had

answer

a wealthy class that invested in the arts

question

Which societal condition was basic to the development of Greek philosophy and Renaissance art?

answer

emphasis on individualism

question

Which characteristic was common to the Golden Age of Greece and the Italian Renaissance?

answer

prosperity led to the creation of many works of art

question

Which idea about leadership would Niccolo Machiavelli most likely support?

answer

leaders should do whatever is necessary to achieve their goals

question

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses were a call for

answer

reforms within the Roman Catholic Church

question

In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a

answer

decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church

question

During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?

answer

questioning of traditional authority

question

Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?

answer

the power of the Catholic Church in Europe was weakened

question

Which was a major result of the Reformation?

answer

new Christian denominations emerged

question

The Protestant Reformation resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations such as

answer

Lutherans, Calvinists, Anglicans, etc

question

Which factors helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation?

answer

kings and princes in Northern Europe resented the power of the Catholic Church, selling of indulgences, disagreement over the practices of the Catholic Church, and questioning of traditional authority

question

The Protestant Reformation and the European Renaissance were similar in that both

answer

encouraged people to question tradition

question

The Protestant Reformation represents a turning point in European history because it

answer

ended religious unity in Western Europe, resulted in the formation of many new Christian denominations that disagreed with the teachings of the Catholic Church, and weakened the power of the Church

question

Why did Martin Luther write his 95 Thesis?

answer

Luther wrote the 95 Theses in opposition to the sale of indulgences being conducted by the Catholic Church in order to finance the Building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. He also disagreed with the Church over theology.

question

When Martin Luther said "my conscience is captive to the Word of God," he was referring to his belief in

answer

the supremacy of the Bible over Church policies

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In Spain, an effect of the Inquisition during the 16th century was to

answer

prevent the introduction of Protestant religions

question

In Latin America, the Maya and the Aztec civilizations were similar in that they

answer

developed complex mathematical and calendar systems ( mathematical concept of zero and development of a 365-day calendar)

question

A study of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations of Latin America would show that these civilizations

answer

developed advanced and complex societies before the arrival of the Europeans

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Which was a result of the Commercial Revolution

answer

expansion of European influence overseas

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Which was an immediate result of the European Age of Exploration?

answer

European influence spread to the Western hemisphere. Conquistadors and settlers were sent to claim land and goods for European countries. European languages, customs, and religious practices were introduced as well. The end of regional isolation and the beginning of a period of European global domination

question

The Commercial Revolution in Western Europe led directly to the

answer

expansion of world trade

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In Latin America during the early period of Spanish colonialism, the deaths of large numbers of the native people led to

answer

the importation of slaves from Africa

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Peter the Great and Catherine the Great changed Russia by

answer

introducing western ideas and customs

question

Changes in Russia under Peter the Great were most similar to changes that occurred in

answer

Japan during the Meiji Restoration

question

Westernization in Russia came about largely through the

answer

efforts of Peter the Great and his successors (creating new laws aimed at curtailing traditional customs, building the modern city of St. Petersburg, and adopting other western ideas such as those from the Enlightenment)

question

theory of divine right

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he who had been born into royalty, power and authority to rule was derived from God.

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Francis Bacon, Galileo, and Isaac Newton promoted the idea that knowledge should be based on

answer

experimentation and observation

question

During the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment, one similarity in the work of many scientists and philosophers was that they

answer

examined natural laws governing the universe

question

Which statement best describes the effects of the works of Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Sir Isaac Newton, and René Descartes?

answer

The scientific method was used to solve problems.

question

Which statement best reflects the ideas of the Enlightenment?

answer

All human beings are born free and equal with a right to life and liberty. It is the duty of government to protect these natural rights of its citizens.

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Which statement expresses the views of John Locke and Jean Jacques Rousseau?

answer

Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. It is the duty of every government to preserve and protect these natural inalienable rights.

question

The writings of the Enlightenment philosophers in Europe encouraged later political revolution with their support of

answer

the natural rights of man

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The writers and philosophers of the Enlightenment believed the government decisions should be based on

answer

laws of nature and reason

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Which statement reflects an argument of Enlightenment philosophers against the belief in the divine right of kings?

answer

the power of the government is derived from the governed

question

One important result of the French Revolution was that

answer

political power shifted to the bourgeoisie

question

Which statement is a valid generalization about the immediate results of the French Revolution of 1789?

answer

the French middle class gained more power, the middle class gained political influence

question

A study of revolutions would most likely lead to the conclusion that pre-Revolutionary governments

answer

fail to meet the political and economic needs of their people

question

The French people supported Napoleon Bonaparte because they hoped he would

answer

provide stability for the nation

question

Simon Bolivar and Miguel Hidalgo, leaders of Latin American independence movements, were inspired by

answer

The American Revolution (1776) and the French Revolution (1789) both sought to put Enlightenment philosophies into practice, and inspired individuals in Latin American colonies to declare independence from Spain.

question

One similarity in the leadership of Latin Americas Jose de San Martin, Toussaint l'Ouverture, Bernanrdo O'Higgins, and Pedro I was that each leader

answer

led a struggle to gain freedom for the people of his nation and they were leaders of liberation movements

question

Nationalism can be thought of as

answer

an intense love of one's country which ties members of a nation together or the loyalty of a people to their values, traditions, and a geographic region

question

In a number of European countries in the 1800's, which situation occurred as a result of the influence of the French Revolution?

answer

rise of nationalistic movements

question

Which quotation best reflects a feeling of nationalism?

answer

For God, King, and Country

question

Nationalism is most likely to develop in an area that has

answer

common customs, language, and history

question

Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society?

answer

availability of investment capital

question

According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the

answer

struggle between classes in society

question

Marx wrote in The Communist Manifesto (1848) that

answer

all of human history is based on the conflict between the bourgeoisie (those who own the means of production) and the proletariat (working class). He predicted that the proletariat would rise up in a violent revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie and create a society with an equal distribution of goods and services.

question

A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles' Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat

answer

must unite to overthrow the capitalist class

question

Before a nation can begin to industrialize, that nation must first develop

answer

an adequate food supply

question

A major result of the Industrial Revolution was the

answer

concentration of workers in urban areas in order to find and secure work in the factories located there

question

Before Commodore Matthew Perry's expedition to Japan in 1853, Japan was most influenced by

answer

China's religion, art, and writing

question

In Japan, the Meiji Restoration resulted in the

answer

modernization of the nation's industry. emperor set out on a program of rapid industrialization designed to put Japan on par with nations in the West

question

An immediate result of Commodore Matthew Perry's visit to Japan in 1853 was

answer

the development of trade between Japan and the West

question

A major goal of the Meiji government in Japan was to

answer

establish Japan as an industrial power

question

The modernization of Japan during the Meiji Restoration resulted in

answer

Japan became imperialistic. It began to seek colonies as a source for raw materials and new markets for its finished products. Sino-Japanese War fought against China, and the Russo-Japanese War fought against Russia. Both ended with a Japanese victory and the acquisition of new territories.

question

A primary purpose for building the Suez Canal was to

answer

allow ships to move between the Mediterranean and Red Seas so that trade between the Middle East, Europe, and Asia could increase

question

Which is an accurate statement about the partitioning of Africa by European imperialist nations during the 1800's?

answer

the cultural and ethnic diversity of the African people was disregarded European nations paid no attention to the existing tribal, cultural, or ethnic boundaries.

question

After 1880, European nations sought colonies in Africa primarily because the Europeans were

answer

competing of raw materials and markets

question

The 19th century term "White Man's Burden" reflects the idea that

answer

It was the duty of Europeans to control those in the lands that they imperialized

question

The Sepoy Mutiny (1857) in India, the Boxer Rebellion (1899) in China, and the Islamic Revolution on Iran (1979), were all actions designed to

answer

to revolt against foreign influence in these countries.

question

The Sepoy Mutiny in India, the Boxer Rebellion in China, and the Islamic Revolution in Iran were similar in that they

answer

resisted foreign influence in these countries

question

During the 19th century, Europeans were able to divide China in Spheres of Influence mainly because the

answer

Europeans had technologically superior military forces

question

The Boxer Rebellion of the early 20th century was an attempt to

answer

remove foreign influences from China

question

British control over South Africa, French control over Indochina, and Spanish control over Mexico are examples of

answer

imperialism

question

During the 1840's, China signed "unequal treaties" with Western nations mainly because

answer

Western nations had superior military technology

question

During the 18th and 19th centuries, increased contact between European and the continents of Africa, Asia, and South America resulted in

answer

the exploitation of the labor and resources of these continents

question

Both the French and the British were interested in controlling Egypt in the mid-19th century because Egypt had

answer

a strategic location

question

The results of the Opium War (1839-1842) indicate that China was

answer

not strong enough to resist Western demands

question

One result of British colonialism in India was that India

answer

adopted a parliamentary system of government

question

The borders that were established for many African nations during the late 1800's were based primarily on

answer

territorial claims of colonial rulers

question

The Russo-Japanese war and Boer War in South Africa were a result of

answer

the need to acquire territory for natural resources

question

Which statement best expresses the motive for 19th-century European imperialism?

answer

Imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers

question

In 1917, Bolshevik leaders in Russia sought peace with Germany because the new Russian government

answer

wanted to retain power and avoid German occupation

question

In Eastern Europe after World War I, the greatest obstacle to national unity in many nation-states was the

answer

great ethnic diversity found in the region

question

Which statement best describes the relationship between World War I and the Russian Revolution?

answer

World War I created conditions within Russia that helped trigger a revolution

question

A major cause of World War I was

answer

the existence of opposing alliances (Alliance System, Imperialism, Nationalism, and Militarism)

question

Why was the Balkan region referred to as the "Powder Keg of Europe" prior to World War I?

answer

Nationalistic and imperialistic rivalries were increasing.

question

The major impact of the Treaty of Versailles on Germany was that the treaty led to

answer

an increase in Germany's desire to regain its power and prestige

question

World War I causes and effects

answer

"Archduke Franz Ferdinand Assassinated!" "Germany Declares War on Russia and France!" "Peace Treaty Signed at Versailles!"

question

Which is generally a characteristic of a communist economy?

answer

controls the means of production by having governmental agencies involved in production planning

question

command economy

answer

the government controls all aspects of production.

question

Which situation resulted from the Russo-Japanese War of 1905?

answer

Russia's loss to Japan in the Russo-Japanese War (1905) indicated that there was a weakness in the Russian government which led to a series of confrontations between Czar Nicholas II and Russian dissidents.

question

Stalin's Five-Year Plans and his decision to form collectives are examples of

answer

strategies to modernize the economy of the Soviet Union through forced communism

question

major causes of the Russian Revolution of 1917 were the

answer

A rigid class system existed in Russia which allowed landowning nobles, priests, and the Czar to live well, while the peasant class faced many hardships, including poor working conditions in urban areas, poverty, and constant food shortages.

question

Which is an accurate statement about the Soviet economy under the leadership of Joseph Stalin?

answer

the Soviet Union increased its industrial output by developing heavy industry

question

A major effect of Josef Stalin's policy of Collectivization on Soviet agriculture was

answer

a widespread food shortage throughout the nation

question

One action taken by both V.I. Lenin and Joseph Stalin was

answer

jailing or murdering potential opponents

question

The Russian peasants supported the Bolsheviks in the 1917 Revolutions mainly because the Bolsheviks promised to

answer

redistribute the land owned by the nobility

question

Jews in Czarist Russia suffered under

answer

an anti-Semitic regime.

question

Josef Stalin's leadership of the Soviet Union can best be characterized as a period of

answer

censorship and terror

question

Which characteristic was common to both Russia under the Czars and the Soviet Union under Josef Stalin?

answer

persecution of political dissenters

question

Which slogan expressed the ideals of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917?

answer

Bread, Land, and Peace

question

Russian peasants supported the Bolsheviks in 1917 primarily because the Bolsheviks pledged to

answer

redistribute land and make peace

question

In the 1920's and 1930's, the rise of totalitarian governments in Germany, Italy, and Spain was largely the result of

answer

severe economic and social problems that arose in Europe after Wo

question

The harsh conditions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles after World War I helped lay the foundation for the

answer

rise of fascism Germany, who promised a return to Germany

question

Under the Treaty of Versailles

answer

Germany lost large areas of land, was forced to pay large reparations, and accept complete responsibility for the start of World War One

question

Censorship, mass arrests, and a secret police force are most characteristic of

answer

totalitarian regimes

question

Which policy shows that appeasement does not always prevent war?

answer

British policy toward Germany in Munich during the 1930's (league of nations allowed Germany to annex the Sudentenland and Czechoslovakia

question

What was one reason the Nazi programs and policies of the early 1930's appealed to many people in Germany?

answer

the people were frustrated with their current economic and political situation

question

One reason the Fascist governments of Benito Mussolini and Adolf Hitler came to power in Italy and Germany was that these nations

answer

faced economic and political difficulties

question

Which was a characteristic of Germany under Adolf Hitler and the Soviet Union under Josef Stalin?

answer

governmental control of the media

question

World War II is often considered to be a turning point in history because

answer

European domination of the world began to weaken as nationalism in colonies increased

question

Which reform took place in Japan after World War II?

answer

Japan became a representative democracy

question

A major factor in the economic recoveries of Japan and West Germany after World War II was their

answer

need to replace destroyed factories

question

Which is one major reason the Holocaust is considered a unique event in modern European history?

answer

The Holocaust was the planned genocide of the European Jewish population by Adolph Hitler and his Nazi regime.

question

Continental system

answer

this policy closed ports to prevent trade between Great Britain and Europe; Napoleon's policy to make Europe more self-sufficient and to destroy Great Britain's commercial and industrial economy

question

Congress of Vienna

answer

restore a balance of power so no one country would be a threat to others and to restore Europe's royal families to the thrones they had before Napoleon's conquests.

question

laissez-faire (free market) capitalism

answer

• private ownership of businesses • government stays out of economics • supply and demand determines prices

question

Meiji Restoration

answer

Japan westernized, industrialized, modernized

question

Causes of World War I

answer

• militarism • alliances • imperialism • nationalism • assassination of Archduke Ferdinand

question

Gandhi

answer

• nationalist who led Indian independence movement • nonviolence • civil disobedience • boycotts

question

Five-year plans

answer

• Stalin's attempts to increase Soviet industrial and agricultural output

question

manorialism

answer

• economic system of Middle Ages Europe that was based on agriculture (farming)

question

Karl Marx

answer

• called for proletariat (workers) revolution to overthrow bourgeoisie capitalism in the Communist Manifesto

question

Russian Revolution

answer

• Lenin promised "Peace, Land, and Bread"

question

Treaty of Versailles

answer

• blamed Germany for WWI • forced Germany to pay reparations • took land away from Germany

question

totalitarianism

answer

• government conrol • censorship

question

Appeasement

answer

Accepting demands in order to avoid conflict

question

Hitler

answer

German Nazi dictator during World War II (1889-1945), Nazi leader and founder; had over 6 million Jews assassinated during the Holocaust

question

Mussolini

answer

Italian fascist dictator

question

Joseph Stalin

answer

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communists after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928 to 1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush opposition

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