Geology test 2 Brian Schubert – Flashcards
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plate tectonics
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unifying theory that explains volcanism mountain building animal and plant distributions in past distribution of natural resources
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divergent, convergent, transform
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3 types of boundaries
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divergent boundaries
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form when 2 plates move away from each other
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Divergent Boundaries: new oceanic crust forms where?
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at the opening rift
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divergent boundaries
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began with continental crust effected by magma (weakened)
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rift valley
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splitting of continental crust and rock falls and is melted (hole in ground)
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Convergent boundaries
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where two plates collide
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oceanic oceanic, oceanic continental, continental continental
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three types of convergent boundaries
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oceanic oceanic (CB)
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one plate subjects, partially melting then shooting up through the opposite plate as a volcano, at subduction zone: trench
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oceanic continental (CB)
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oceanic subjects continental, which melts and rises through continental crust as a volcanic chain on land (volcanic mountain range)
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continental continental
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both buckle up to form mountain ranges on land; one crust is often lead by oceanic crust(small portion) which initially subjects, once oceanic crust breaks off, there is thrust zone where the continental crust rebounds
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transform boundaries
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where two plates slide past each other (San Andrea's fault)
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transform boundaries
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happen when divergent plates pull apart, uneven breaking points
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fraction zones (tb)
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two plates move the same way at different speeds
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hot spot
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intra plate feature(within plate) i.e. Hawaii
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Mantle plume (hot spot)
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point source of hot material pushing through the mantle
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hot spot
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plate moves on top of _____ the material rises and creates volcanic islands in a chain because of plate movement
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what divides plate tectonics
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in mantle hot solid rock flows in convection cells to the surface(hot rises) which cools the circulates back down (ridge push and slab pull)
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ridge push
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magma moves up through the crust then pushes out
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slab-pull
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oceanic crust subducting pulls the crust apart
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mineral
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naturally occurring inorganic crystalline solid specific chemical composition
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NO not solid
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Mineral Y/N liquid water
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Yes
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Mineral Y/N snow
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NO- not crystalline or naturally occurring
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Mineral Y/N window glass
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NO- not crystalline
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Mineral Y/N Volcanic glass
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Yes
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Mineral Y/N natural diamond
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NO- not naturally occuring
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Mineral Y/N artificial diamond
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NO- no specific chemical composition, rock
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Mineral Y/N Basalt
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NO- organic liquid
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Mineral Y/N oil
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NO- not naturally occurring
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Mineral Y/N Penny
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elements
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the basis of the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom (atomic number)
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7
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Neutron # Nitrogen 15
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10
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Neutron # oxygen 18
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1
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Neutron # deuterium
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30
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Neutron # Iron
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Isotopes
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two or more atoms of same element, same atomic number, different atomic mass i.e. Carbon Atomic# 6
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Isotopes
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radioactive or stable
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oxygen and silicon
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earths crust is primarily made up of what
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Silicate Mineral
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most common, Si ; O' (non)ferromagnesian
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Ferromagnesian
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contains Fe and/or Mg; dense and dark
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NonFerromagnesian
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lacks Fe & Mg; light colored
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Carbonate mineral
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contains carbonate as in calcite, found in sedimentary rocks, delivered from shells of marine organism or precipitated from saltwater as evaporates
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Sulfide mineral
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contain Sulfer plus a metallic element (galena and purity); for along mid ocean ridges
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sulfate mineral
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sulfate radical(gypsum); in deserts forming from evaporated water
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luster
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quality and intensity of light reflected from a mineral and is characterized metallic or nonmetallic
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color
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in contrast, is a visual quality of minerals that result from the way they Absorb or Transmit light
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Crystal form
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identification of mineral that typically show well-developed crystals.
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cleavage
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(flat surface) the breakage or splitting of mineral crystals along one or more smooth planes (one or more direction)
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fracture
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refers to irregular breakage of a mineral
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Specific Gravity
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a way to describe how heavy a mineral is; the ratio of the weight of a mineral to an equal volume of water. (no units)
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feel
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talc
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taste
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halie
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magnetism
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magnetite
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double refraction
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calcite
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calcite, dolomite
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react to dilute hydrochloric acid
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how do minerals form
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1) Precipitate from water 2) As molten rock known as magma (lava at the surface) cools, minerals begin to crystallize and grow 3) Alteration of minerals (clay minerals)
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igneous rocks
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- make up large parts of the continents and the oceanic crust. They indicate plate boundaries and hot spot activity.
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granite
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- Mostly quarts and feldspar (silicate minerals) - Major igneous rock in the continental crusts
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magma
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molten rock below earth's surface
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lava or pyroclastic
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magma erupts as either ____ or ____ materials
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volcanic / extrusive
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lava and pyroclastic material to form ___ / ___ rock
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plutonic
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another word for intrusive
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compositions of magma
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Silica; can be felsic or mafic
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felsic
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more silica(quart) rich, iron and magnesium poor
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mafic
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less silica, rich iron and magnesium rich
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viscosity
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resistance to flow; controlled by temp and silica content
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less viscosity
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flows easily, high temperature
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high viscosity
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flows less, low temp
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crystal settling
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1st formed ferromagnesian minerals can settle to the vase of a magma chamber
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magma mixing
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2 magmas mix together if viscosities are very similar or will mingle without pleading if viscosities are different
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subduction zones
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water taken into earth melts the rocks on the top part of the plate
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volcanic(extrusive)
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Igneous Rock Textures aphantic texture(cooled quickly) fine grained and can't see individual minerals
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Plutonic (intrusive)
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Igneous Rock Textures phaneritic texture(cooled slowly)coarser grained an can see individual minerals
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!Peridotite
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an ultramafic rock High amounts of iron and magnesium Its composition is close to that of the upper mantle
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!Basalt and Gabbro:
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Mafic composition chemically equivalent G is plutonic . B is volcanic.
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!Rhyolite and Granite
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Felsic composition chemically equivalent G- plutonic R-volcanic
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!Andesite and Diorite
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intermediate composition chemically equivalent D- plutonic A- volcanic
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vesicular
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made from magma with gas products
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glassy
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made from magma that cools quickly
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pyroclastic
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solid particles erupting from volcano
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plutons
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bodies of igneous rock which intruded in country rock or formed in place far beneath the surface
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dikes
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discordant features (cut across layering in country rock)
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sills
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concordant (parallel to rock layers)
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if you know these notecards you'll get an A on the test :)
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