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A'A'

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A basaltic lava flow with a rubbly, sharp surface

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Shield Volcano

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a subareal volcano with a broad, gentle dome, formed by low viscosity basaltic lava.

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Ash

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Very fine particulate matter erupted by a volcano.

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Effusive Eruption

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is an eruption that yelds mostly lava and not ash.

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Caldera

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a large circular depression with steep walls and a fairly flat floor, formed after an eruption, as the center of the volcano collapses into the drained magma chamber below.

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Bombs

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are a large, frozen blocks of rock, typically streamlined in shape, that formed when magma (ejected from a volcano) freezes in flight.

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Cinder Cone

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a subareal volcano consisting of a cone-shaped pile of tephra whose slope approaches the angle of repose.

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Tephra

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An unconsolidated accumulation of pyroclastic material is called

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Lahar

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a thick slurry of volcanic ash and debris mixed with water from rivers and/or melted snow and ice from the flanks of the volcano.

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Lapilli

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are marble to plum sized fragments of pyroclastic debris.

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Stratavolcano

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a large, cone shaped, subareal volcano consisting of alternating layers of lava and tephra.

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Crater

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a circular depression at the top of a volcanic mound.

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Blocks

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Large chunks of igneous rock blasted out of a volcano is called

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Pahoehoe

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A basaltic lava flow with a smooth texture and rope-like ridges is called

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Fissure

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is a conduit from a magma chamber with the shape of a long crack through which magma rises and erupts at the surface.

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S-Wave

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is a band between 103o and 180o from an earthquake epicenter, as measured along the circumference of the earth, inside which S-waves do not arrive at seisograph stations.

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Shear Waves

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Seismic waves in which particles of material move back and forth perpendicular to the direction in which the wave itself moves are called

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Foreshocks

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A series of smaller earthquakes that preceed a larger earthquake are called

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Tsunami

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is a large wave along the sea surface that is triggered by an earthquake.

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Body Waves

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are seismic waves that pass through the interior of the earth.

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Hypocenter

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is the point below the Earth's surface where the energy is released during an earthquake.

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Liquefaction

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The transformation of seemingly solid sediment into a liquid like slurry, in response to ground shaking, is called

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Surface Waves

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are seismic waves that travel along the Earth's surface.

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Seismograph

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is an instrument that can record the ground motion from an earthquake.

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Epicenter

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is the point of the Earth's surface directly above the earthquake focus.

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Congressional Waves

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Seismic waves in which particles of material move back and forth parallel to the direction in which the wave itself moves are called

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P-Wave

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is a band between 103o and 143o from an earthquake epicenter, as measured along the circumference of the earth, inside which P-waves do not arrive at seisograph stations.

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Moho

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is the seismic-velocity discontinuity that defines the boundary between the Earth's crust and the mantle.

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Refraction

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The bending of a wave (ray) as it passes through a boundary between two differenct materials is called

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Displacement

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The amount of movement across a fault plane is called offset, slip or

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Anticline

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is a fold with an arch like shape in which the limbs dip away from the hinge

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Brittle Deformation

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is the cracking and fracturing of a material subjected to stress.

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Syncline

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is a fold with a trough shape in which the limbs dip toward the hinge.

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Strike

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The compass trend of an imaginary horizontal line that intersects a tilted plane is called the

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Normal Fault

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A fault in which the hanging wall block has moved down the slope of the fault is called a

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Monocline

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is a fold with only one limb.

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Dip

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The angle at which a layer tilts, relative to the horizontal plane; the angle measured from an imaginary horizontal plane is called the

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Reverse Fault

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A steeply dipping fault on which the hanging wall block slides up the slope of the fault is called a

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Dome

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is a fold with the shape of an overturned bowl in which all dips are directed away from the center.

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Strain

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is the change in shape of an object in response to deformation.

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Basin

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is a fold with the shape like a right-side-up bowl in which all dips are directed toward the center.

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Thrust Fault

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A gently dipping fault on which the hanging wall block slides up the slope of the fault is called a

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Ductile Deformation

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the bending and flowing (without cracking and breaking) of a material subjected to stress.

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Displacement

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the amount of movement or slip across a fault plane.

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Strike Slip Fault

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a fault in which one block slides horizontally past another on a vertical fault plane such that there is no relative vertical motion

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Eon

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the largest subdivision of geologic time

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Unconformity

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A boundary between two different rock sequences representing an interval of time during which new strata were not deposited and/or were eroded.

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Cross-Cutting Relationships

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are a means of determining the relative age of rock by looking at which rock or structure cuts another; the feature that has been cut is older.

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Uniformitarianism

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The principle that the same physical processes observed today are responsible for the formation of ancient geologic features is called

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Superposition

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Younger layers of sediment are deposited on older layers of sediment; thus in a sequence of strata, the oldest layer is at the base.

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Daughter Isotope

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is the decay product of radioactive decay.

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Index Fossil

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is the remains of species that only existed for short periods of geologic time and are diagnostic of a period or epoch.

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Isotope

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is a element that has the same atomic number (number of protons) but different number or neutrons and therefore different atomic mass

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Original Horizontally

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The principle that sediments are deposited in nearly horizontal layers is called

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Relative Age

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The age of one geologic feature with respect to another is called

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Parent Isotope

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is the radioactive isotope that undergoes decay.

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Half Life

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The time it takes for half of a group of a radioactive element's isotopes to decay is the

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Fossil Succession

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The principle that a given species appears at a certain time frame and then dissappears (goes extinct) at a later time frame is called

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Correlation

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The process of defining the age relationships between the strata at one locality and the strata at another is called

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Numerical Age

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is the age of a rock or structure as specified in number of years

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Superposed Stream

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is a stream whose geometry has been laid down on a rock structure and is not controlled by the structure.

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Tibutary

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is a smaller stream that flows into a larger stream

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Delta

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A wedge of sediment formed at a river mouth when the running water of the stream enters standing water is called a(n)

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Floodplain

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he flat land on either side of a stream that becomes covered with water during a flood is called the

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Alluvium

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Sorted sediment deposited by a stream is called

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Meander

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A snake-like curve along a stream's course is called

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Braided Stream

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is a sediment choked stream consisting of entwined subchannels

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Stream Privacy

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is the situation in which headward erosion causes one stream to intersect the course of another, previously indepndent stream, so that the intersected stream starts to flow down the channel of the first stream.

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Drainage Network

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a geometric array of interconnecting streams that together drain an area.

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Antecedent Stream

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is a stream that cuts across an uplifted mountain range; the stream must have existed before the range was uplifted and must have been able to downcut as fast as the land was uprising.

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Base Level

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is a the lowest elevation a stream channel's floor can reach at a given locality.

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Headward Erosion

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is a the process by which a stream channel lengthens up its slope as the flow of water increases.

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Ephemeral Stream

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is a stream whose bed lies above the water table, so that the stream flows only when the rate at which water enters the stream from rainfall or meltwarter exceeds the rate at which water infiltrates the ground below.

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Point Bar

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A wedge shaped deposit of sediment on the inside bank of a meader is called a(n)

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Drainage Divide

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is a highland or ridge that separates one watershed from another.

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