geography chapter 6 – Flashcards
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population geography is
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the distribution of humankind across our planet
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the study of individual population in terms of specific group characteristics is
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demography
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which of the following is one of the three major population concentrations mentioned in the chapter?
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east asia
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a world map drawn so that the size of each country is the reflection of its population rather than its size is called
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a cartogram
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the agricultural crop that produces the highest number of calories per acre is
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rice
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population densities tend to be higher
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in areas of fertile soil
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the difference between population geography and demography is that population geography is
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the study of the distribution of humankind across earth
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the constitution of the united states requires a decennial census to
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reapportion seats in the house of representatives
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which continent has more than one major population concentration?
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asia
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the west African country of Togo and the European country of France have approximately the same arithmetic density. from this we can conclude that the two countries have the same
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number of people per area of land
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"Arithmetic Density" is determined by
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the number of people per unit area
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"Physiological density" is a term applied to human populations that means
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the density of population per unit of arable land
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most of the worlds population is concentrated in areas that are designated __________ climates
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C
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human beings cluster in which of these regions?
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flat lands
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the increase in world population is now
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slowing down
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the region that is projected to have the highest population increase for 2014 is
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sub-Saharan Africa
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the most popular form of birth control in poor countries is
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sterilization
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throughout the world, fertility rates are ______ in urban areas than they are in rural areas
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lower
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of all communicable diseases, the one currently that causes the most deaths worldwide is
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respiratory infections
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rates of obesity in poor countries have been increasing because
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cheap cooking oil has become more widely availbale, adding fat to the diet
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country X has a crude birth rate of 42 and a crude death rate of 17, while country Y has a crude birth rate of 20 and a crude death rate of 5. which country has a lower natural increase rate?
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country Y
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of the following four countries, the lowest natural increase rate is found in
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Denmark
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the region with the highest growth rate is
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sub-Saharan africa
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in the first stage of the demographic transition, crude birth rate is _________ and crude death rate is ________.
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high; high
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Thomas Malthus
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predicted a grim view of the future due to overpopulation
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under natural conditions, the sex ratio at birth is ________ boys born for every 100 girls
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105
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the estimated sex ratio at birth for 2014 is _______ boys born for every 100 girls
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107
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the problems associated with rapidly aging populations are today
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primarily restricted to the rich countries of the world
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aging populations will present tremendous challenges for poor countries because
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today the elderly are cared for by their families
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the reporting of higher number of males to females in some countries may be due to
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some countries not counting all of their women in the census
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in rich countries, such as the united states, higher percentages of national budgets are spent on senior citizen centers than on
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elementary schools
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human movements are a result of
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push and pull factors
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the largest migration field is from
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Russia to the Ukraine
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brain drain occurs when
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highly educated citizens leave a country to move to another country
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replacement migration is used to
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admit newcomers with useful skills
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barriers to migration include all EXCEPT
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motivational barriers
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which of the following types of migration does not take place within a countries borders?
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international
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international labor migration tends to originate in
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poor countries with weak economies
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amenity migration is driven by two types of migrants
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the wealthy and the retired
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one of the laws of migration is
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the more distant the destination, the fewer the benefits and the higher the cost
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multicultural policies that have been adopted by some countries are meant to
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help preserve immigrants cultural identities
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Canada proudly calls itself a cultural mosaic due to the diversity of its population, a characteristic also shared by _________, even though it clings to the idea of ________ culture
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the united states, American
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even though many Europeans immigrated during its demographic transition, many European countries now
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discourage immigration, even from their former colonies
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almost all asain countries today have not immigrated, meaning they
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send more people out of their country than they receive from other countries
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of all the worlds richest countries, ________ limits immigration most strictly
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japan
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since the birth rate in the united states is low, immigration is currently responsible for about ______ of the countrys population growth
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one-third
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in 2000, two-thirds of all foreign-born individuals lived in just six states. those six states did NOT include ________
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Michigan
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population geography is defined as the study of humankind across earth
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true
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demography is the study of individual population in terms of specific group characteristics
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true
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in 2014 the population of earth is estimated to be about 7.2 billion
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true
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the three major concentrations of population in the world are found in East Asia, Europe, and North America
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false
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most of earths population is concentrated in areas of seasonal environments that are not too wet, too hot, too dry, or too cold
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true
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for the geographer, domestication involves taming and training animals, but not the planting and harvesting of crops
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false
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arithmetic density is a measure used to define the number of people per unit of arable land
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false
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people will settle in harsh environments if it is profitable to do so
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true
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population projections are predictions of the future, assuming that current trends remain the same
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true
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in stage two of demographic transition, birth rates are high and death rates are declining
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true
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china's plan for decreasing the rate of natural increase included implementation of a one-family/two-child policy
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false
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the catholic church adamantly opposes birth control and abortion
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true
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life expectancies have increased partially as the result of modern medicine
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true
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AIDS is currently the biggest killer worldwide among communicable diseases
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false
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AIDS has been spreading fastest in the rich countries of the world
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false
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AIDS-related illnesses were the leading cause of adult death in several European countries in 2010
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false
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earths population is aging
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true
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the total fertility rate is defined as the average number of children a women in a given society would have over her lifetime
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true
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today most rich countries have rates of natural population increase in excess of 2 percent
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false
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in stage two of the demographic transition, the rate of natural increase is low because death rates tend to rise while birth rates remain low
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false
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crude birth rates rise in stage three of the demographic transition as a result of economic growth, urbanization, rising standards of living, and education
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false
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abortion is rarely used as a birth control method in poor countries
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false
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generally speaking, fertility rates tend to be lower in rural areas of the world than in urban areas
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false
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rich countries have a high percentage of young people
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false
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in traditional societies, children may be economic assets, which may provide one explanation of why birth rates remain high in stage two of the demographic transition
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true
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even though older populations are growing in the wealthier countries, younger workers do not have to worry about higher taxes to provide essential services for the elderly
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false
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a characteristic of populations in richer countries is demonstrates by people having fewer children ad living longer; ratios of the old to the young have been rising rapidly
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true
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a significant difference between wealthy countries and poor countries is that increasing populations of the former are either approaching retirement or are already retired
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true
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if current trends continue, japan would need to increase migration substantially if it wanted to keep its population from shrinking
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true
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geographers have discovered that pull factors attract people to new destinations, leading to migration
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true
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the major push and pull factors behind contemporary migration are economic and political
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true
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racism is a belief in the inherent superiority of one race over another
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true
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wholesale depopulation of indigenous people occurred in the western hemisphere when Europeans arrived, primarily as the result of disease and mistreatment
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true
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Singapore is an important Chinese in Malaysia
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false
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human migration has had little effect on the distribution of the world's population
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false
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until the late nineteenth century, immigration to the united states was almost totally unrestricted
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true
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in the 1920s, the united states government issued immigration quotas that favored British, Irish, and Germans
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true
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while the Native Americans fell victim to European diseases, including smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus, Europeans contracted syphilis from the Native Americans
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true
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more than one half of Canada's immigrants come from Asia
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true
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in the united states, the poverty rate for immigrants is higher than for the native born
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true
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you would be least likely to find large numbers of people living in these two general climate types
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cold areas and dry areas
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which country currently has the largest population? which country will most likely have the largest population in the year 2100, if current population growth rates continue?
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China, India
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explain why today's developing societies have moved in the recent past from stage one to stage two of the demographic transition
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diffusion of medical technology from relatively developed countries
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since 1990 Russian death rates have risen and life expectancy has fallen. what are the major underlying causes for these major demographic changes?
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physical and mental stresses caused by both rapid change and chaos in the economy and political structures
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explain why death rates tend to fall before birth rates
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people want to avoid death, of themselves and their loved ones, but the number of children desired depends on deeply help values, which are slower to change
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what name is given to the phenomenon young, educated people leaving a country to move to another country?
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brain drain
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summarize the main stages of the demographic transition and the reasons why a society moves from one stage to another
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in stage 1 there are high birth rates and high death rates, as a result, the population is fairly stable. in stage 2, typically due to advancement in medical technology, the death rate falls, but birth rates remain high. this creates a rapid population increase. in stage 3, people realize that children are expenses rather than assets, and the birth rates drop. this decrease in birth rates causes the population increase to slow. in stage 4, the population become stable again with low birth rates and low death rates. stage 5 is where the death rates exceed the birth rates and population decline
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how do differences in the degree of government control in China and India relate to their different birth control policies?
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the Indian government sponsors family-planning programs, and radio and television emphasize that small families are healthier and happier. a new social security program assures people that they will be taken care of by the government in their old age. abortions are legal, but sterilization accounts for about 90% of India's family-planned program and is practiced by 37% of married Indian women. in 1971, China launched a so- called one-child policy, offering couples incentives o reduce childbearing, such as financial rewards and special privileges for small families, as well as penalties for exceeding the targets. there are numerous exceptions provided by the policy, however, so that obly about a third of the population actually lives under a strict one-child rule and thus the policy, if followed, would create a TFR of about 1.47. the policies have helped to lower china's fertility rate to about 1.6, well below replacement level, although with enormous controversy about the governments tactics. other factors, such as delayed marriage and changing ideas about family size, are likely contributing to this decline independently of government policy. if these trends continue, China's population will peak during the next two decades before decreasing
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explain why China does not fit the general model of the relationship between crude birth rate and GNP per capita
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typically as countries get rich the number of births decline; however, this trend is now being seen in less wealthy countries like China. about two-thirds of Chinese population growth between 2005 and 2025 will occur in the over-65 category as people live longer, a cohort likely to double in size to about 200 million people. by 2025, China's median age may be higher than America's. an aging China is already facing both strains on its pension system and shortages of young labor
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define push and pull factors and explain their impact on migration patterns
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geographers who analyze human movements divide the causes for those movements into push factors and pull factors. push factors drive people awa from wherever they are. push factors include unemployment, disasters and political and religious persecution. pull factors attract people to new destinations. pull factors include economic opportunity and the promise of religious and political liberty. throughout history, the major push and pull factors behind contemporary migration have been economic and political. this remains true todayl people are trying to move from poor countries to rich countries and from politically repressive countries to more democratic countries. in addition, millions of people are fleeing civil and international warfare
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discuss the positive and negative arguments currently being used in regards to immigration in the united states
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critics of immigration question whether the united states should continue to even allow immigration. some argue that immigrants. some argue that immigrants take jobs away from American's and others are simply biased against foreigners. some people argue that immigrants, whether legal or illegal, cost Americans money for public services such as health care and education. these arguments have become heated as the immigrant share of the population rises. as many Americans have become concerned with securing U.S. borders since September 11, 2001, and as the number of immigrants in the country increases. other counter that immigrants contribute to U.S. economic growth. the national academy of sciences concluded in 1997 that immigration does produce substantial economic benefits for the united states as a whole. immigrants and their children will make up the labor force to support the growing number of pensioners currently residing the united states and those who will be retiring within the next 10 years
