Genetics: Differentiate between proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes – Flashcards
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Gatekeeper genes
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Proto-oncogenes and Tumor suppressor genes
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
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Genes that turn OFF or DECREASE the rate of cell division. Genes that repair DNA mistakes. Genes that play a role in apoptosis.
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Proto-oncogenes
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Genes that turn ON or INCREASE the rate of cell division. When these genes are active CELLS GROW and DIVIDE. When normal cells stop dividing, the genes turn off.
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Tumor Suppressor Genes
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If these genes mutate or are inactivated, cells pass through the checkpoints and divide in an uncontrolled manner which may lead to abnormal cell growth and defective apoptosis - all which can cause cancer
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retinoblastoma
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is the result of an RBI tumor suppressor gene mutation .
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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The gene mutations that can lead to breast/ovarian cancer.
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retinoblastoma mutation pattern?
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1. May be sporadic (very rare & occurs unilaterally). 2. May be Inherited (occurs bilaterally)
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DNA repair
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Normal BRCA1 and BRCA2 are both involved in what?
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BRCA1 and BRCA2
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b/c the genes are involved in DNA repair, if either of these genes are mutated, DNA is unable to be repaired, therefore mutations accumulate within a cell and initiate transformation from a normal cell to a cancerous one.
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Recessive
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Expression at the gene level is _________. Meaning → if a woman carries ONE (1) mutant copy of BRCA1 or BRCA2, she has a predisposition to breast cancer
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Autosomal dominant
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The Predisposition to breast cancer, caring 1 one mutant copy of BRCA1 or BRCA2, is inherited as an __________________ trait.
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Both
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For cancer to develop, how many copies of BRCA1 or BRCA2 must be mutant alleles?
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Oncogene
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When a mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene that permanently "turns it on" it can become a __________.
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Uncontrolled cell proliferation
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An oncogene does not respond to normal growth restraints, leading to _______________?
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one. Therefore, proto-oncogenes are DOMINANT.
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proto-oncogenes need how many mutation to cause cancer?
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missense mutation (single letter change)
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Most often when a mutation occurs in a proto-oncogene it is due to what type of mutation?
