General Psychology Terms – Chapter 10: Intelligence (ALL) – Flashcards
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Intelligence
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Mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.
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Intelligence Test
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A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.
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General Intelligence (g)
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A general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.
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Factor Analysis
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A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlies a person's total score.
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Savant Syndrome
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A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.
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Creativity
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The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.
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Emotional Intelligence
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The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.
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Mental Age
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A measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8.
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Stanford-Binet
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The widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Defined originally as the ration of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.
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Achievement Test
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A test designed to assess what a person has learned.
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Aptitude Test
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A test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
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The WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests.
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Standardization
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Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.
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Normal Curve
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The symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lies near the extremes.
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Reliability
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The extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting.
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Validity
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The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (See also Content Validity and Predictive Validity.)
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Content Validity
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The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.
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Predictive Validity
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The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called Criterion-Related Validity.)
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Cohort
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A group of people from a given time period.
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Crystallized Intelligence
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Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.
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Fluid Intelligence
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Our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tend to decrease during late adulthood.
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Intellectual Disability
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A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. (Formerly referred to as Mental Retardation.)
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Down Syndrome
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A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
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Heritability
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The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.
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Stereotype Threat
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A self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.
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Two psychologists who assessed intelligence
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Binet & Terman
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Stemberg
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3 intelligences: analytical, creative intelligence, practical intelligence.
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Gardner
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8 intelligences
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Sternberg's "Five Components of Creativity"
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Expertise, imaginative thinking skills, a venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, a creative environment,
