General Psychology Chapter 3 Test – Flashcards
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Plasticity
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-The brain's special capability for change. -adaptable,changing
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Afferent/Sensory Nerves
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-Nerves that carry information about the external environment to the brain and spinal cord via sensory receptors. -One way from outside into the brain A-Arrive
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Efferent/Motor Nerves
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-Nerves that carry information out of the brain and spinal cord to other areas of the body. -From the Brain Out E- Exit
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"One-Way Streets"
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Efferent and Afferent Nerves
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CNS parts
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The Brain and Spinal Cord -Central Nervous System
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Autonomic NS parts
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The body system that takes messages to and from the body's internal organs, monitoring such processes as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. -Two parts Sympathetic NS - arouses and Parasympathetic NS- calms the body
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Mirror neurons
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a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another
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Types of cells in nervous system
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-Glial Cells -Neurons -Mirror Neurons
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Parts of a neuron and functions
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-Cell Body -Dendrites -Axon -Myelin Sheath (only seen in peripheral nervous system >>> controls voluntary movement)
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Flow of information in nervous system
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-Semipermeable - Ion Channels -Depolarization(Ion channels open) -Threshold -Action Potential -All-or-None Principle
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Myelin
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A layer of fat cells that encases and insulates most axons. -surrounds the core of a nerve fiber or axon and that facilitates the transmission of nerve impulses, formed from the cell membrane of the Schwann cell in the peripheral nervous system and from oligodendroglia cells (Google Definition)
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Resting potential
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The stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron.
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Action potential
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The brief wave of positive electrical charge that sweeps down the axon.
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All-or-Nothing principle
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-The principle that once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity -it's threshold-, it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing intensity.(book definition) -A neuron will either fire or not fire, is either going to do something or nothing at all (Kardas Definition)
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Synapse
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Tiny spaces between neurons; The gaps between neurons are referred to as synaptic gaps.
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Neurotransmitters
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Chemical substances that are stored in very tiny sacs within the terminal buttons and involved in transmitting information across a synaptic gap to the next neuron.
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Acetylcholine effects
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-ACH -Muscle actions, learning, memory -Black widow venom ^(up) Ach levels -Botox (botulin) | (down) Ach levels -Alzheimer's disease | (down) Ach levels
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GABA function
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-Inhibitory neurotransmitter -Anxiety | (down) GABA levels -(fire,don't fire)
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Runners high and endorphins
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-Natural opiates -Mediate feelings of pleasure and pain -The most obvious aspects to address with runner's high are the biological and psychological aspects that can be associated with it. When the body is put under stress the mind reacts accordingly.
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Types of brain scans
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- X-Ray -CT Scan -PET (actively) -MRI (using magnetization vibrations) -fMRI (real time)
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Medulla functions
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Controls breathing and heart rate, it also regulates reflexes
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Hippocampus functions
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-Formation and recall of memories (place for horses) - The structures in the limbic system that has a special role in storage of memories ( book definition)
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Thalamus functions
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-Relay station for much sensory information (everything except the nose) - The forebrain structure that sits at the top of the brain stem in the brain's central core and serves as an important relay station (book definition)
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Hemispheres
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-The Cerebral cortex is divided in two halves -the two halves of the cerebellum
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Corpus callosum
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-a broad band of nerve fibers joining the two hemispheres of the brain. -The large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres, responsible for relaying information between the two sides.
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Lobes of the cerebrum
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-Occipital lobe (vision)-- Structures located at the back of the head that respond to visual stimuli. -Temporal lobe (hearing, language processing, memory)--Structures in the cerebral cortex that are located just above the ears. -Frontal (intelligence, personality and the control of voluntary muscles)-- The portion of the cerebral cortex behind the forehead -Parietal(spatial location, attention, motor control)--Structures at the top and toward the rear of the head.
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Somatosensory cortex
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-In parietal lobe -body sensations/ touch, detecting things -A region in the cerebral cortex that processes information about body sensations, located at the front of the parietal lobes (book definition)
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"Split brain"
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a lay term to describe the result when the corpus callosum connecting the two hemispheres of the brain is severed to some degree. It is an association of symptoms produced by disruption of or interference with the connection between the hemispheres of the brain. (google definition)
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Right hemisphere functions
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Spatial perception, visual recognition, emotion
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Left hemisphere functions
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Verbal processing, speech, grammar
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Hormones
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Chemical messengers that are produced by the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream to all parts of the body.
