General Psychology Ch. 1 and 13 – Flashcards
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the scientific study of mental activity and behavior, which are based on brain processes
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Psychology
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systematically evaluating information to reach reasonable conclusions best supported by evidence -reasoning
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Critical Thinking
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1. What am I being asked to believe or accept? 2. What evidence is provided to support the claim? 3. What are the most reasonable conclusions?
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Steps to Critical Thinking
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-Max Wertheimer and Wolfgang Kohler -study subjective perceptions as a unified whole; the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its parts
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Gestalt Theory
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-John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner -must be directly seen and measured -describe behavior in response to environmental stimuli -focused only on observable behavior, reflexes/phobias could be conditioned and learned
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Behaviorism
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-William James and Charles Darwin -describe how the conscious mind aids adaption to an environment -which comes first emotion or behavior? -the goal was to describe how the conscious mind aids adaption to an environment
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Functionalism
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-Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener -identify the most basic parts, or structures, of the unconscious mind -uses introspection to understand sensation and perception -first framework for studying psychology, but died in the 1900s bc was not reliable for understanding psychological processes across different people
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Structuralism
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focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of other motivations behind a person's behavior -behavior, feelings, and emotions and how they might relate to early experience
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Psychodynamic Theory (7 Modern Perspectives)
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B.F. Skinner studied operant conditioning to voluntary behavior -stimuli/response, people react to their environment
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Behavioral Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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-free will, human potential -self-actualization: achieving one's full potential or actual self -empathy, good in human behavior
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Humanistic Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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-attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body--genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous system
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Biopsychological Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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-focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem-solving, and learning (how you think and what you think)
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Cognitive Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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-focuses on the relationship between social behavior and culture -behavior affected by surroundings
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Socioculture Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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-focuses on the biological basis of universal mental characteristics that all humans share -behavior is seen as having an adaptive or survival value
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Evolutionary Perspective (7 Modern Perspectives)
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1. Privacy: don't observe without consent in private setting 2. Confidentiality: info must be kept secret 3. Informed Consent: told about the research before choosing to participate 4. Deception: can be necessary for certain experiments but must explain to participant after 5. Risks: no unreasonable pain
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5 Main Issues of Ethical Research
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-gathering information so error is reduced 1. Focus on a theory 2. State a hypothesis 3. Test with a research method 4. Analyze the data 5. Report results and embark of further inquiry
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Steps of Scientific Method
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-Independent variable: is manipulated -Dependent variable: is observed and measured -Experimental group: the group that receives the treatment -Control Group: the group that does not receive the treatment -Random assignment: ensures that change in DV is due to IV, not some characteristic of the group
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Types of Experimental Research
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the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual over time and across circumstances
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Personality
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the affective aspect of the self -how we believe others perceive us, reflected appraisal -what others say about us or what we think others say about us
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Self-esteem
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an integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self; helps us perceive, organize, interpret, and use information about our self -middle of the frontal lobe lights up when we process this -things you've done to form these labels
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Self-Schema
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an internal meter to monitor social acceptance or rejection -self-esteem is an example
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Sociometer
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take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors
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Self-serving bias
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comparing oneself to another person who is less competent or in a worse situation, which tends to protect one's high self-esteem
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Downward Comparisons
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comparing oneself to another person who is more competent or in a better situation, tends to confirm low self-esteem
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Upward Comparison
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views current self as better to former self
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Temporal Comparison
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personality is based on our tendency to fulfill our potential through personal growth (Carl Rogers) -conditions of worth: "don't pull up your dress, good girls don't do that" -personality is influenced by a person's uniqueness, growth, and experiences (self-actualization and self-understanding)
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Humanistic Approach to Personality!
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personality is based on our unconscious wishes that create conflict between the id, ego, and superego
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Psychodynamic Approach to Personality
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personality can be described by our characteristics, our tendencies to act in a certain way over time and across circumstances
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Trait Approach to Personality!
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1. Oral Stage: first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict, cigarettes 2. Anal Stage: 1 to 3 years of life in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict 3. Phallic Stage: 3 to 6 years, child discovers sexual feelings; oedipus complex 4. Latency Stage: school years in which sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways 5. Genital Stage: sexual feelings reawaken with appropriate targets
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Freud's Theory: Stages of Personality Development
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present at birth, the component of the personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle
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Id
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rational, logical, and mostly conscious; component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the superego -reality principle: rational thought and problem solving
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Ego
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the moral center, component of personality that reflects the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct -conscience: produces pride or guilt
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Superego
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refusing to acknowledge source of anxiety
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Denial (Defense Mechanism)
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refuse to remember something and push it into unconscious
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Repression (Defense Mechanism)
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threatening impulses or feelings targeted at someone else
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Projection (Defense Mechanism)!
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act opposite of how you feel to keep your real feelings hidden
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Reaction Formation (Defense Mechanism)!
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person invents acceptable excuses for unacceptable behavior
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Rationalization (Defense Mechanism)!
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redirect feelings from a threatening subject to a less threatening one
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Displacement (Defense Mechanism)!
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channeling socially unacceptable impulses into constructive, even admirable, behavior
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Sublimation (Defense Mechanism)!
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falls back into childlike patterns
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Regression (Defense Mechanism)!
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can't do something, so you give up and do something else
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Compensation (Defense Mechanism)!
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tries to be like someone else
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Identification (Defense Mechanism)!
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personality is based on people's perception of whether they control the rewards and punishments they experience -internal: I control my destiny -external: they control my destiny
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locus of control
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-Openness to experience: imaginative v. down to earth, variety v. routine, independent v. conforming -Conscientiousness: organized v. disorganized, careful v. careless, self-disciplined v. weak-willed -Extraversion: social v. retiring, fun-loving v. sober, affectionate v. reserved -Agreeableness: softhearted v. ruthless, trusting v. suspicious, helpful v. uncooperative -Neuroticism: worried v. calm, insecure v. secure, self-pitying v. self-satisfied
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The Big Five Theory
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conflicts between the id and the superego leads to anxiety and the ego copes with anxiety through defense mechanisms
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unconscious conflict
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the overall amount of energy and behavior we exhibit
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Activity Level (3 Aspects of Temperament)
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the intensity of emotional reactions
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Emotionality (3 Aspects of Temperament)
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the general tendency to affiliate with other
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Sociability (3 Aspects of Temperament)
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-Projective Measures: explore the unconscious by having people describe or tell stories about stimulus items that are ambiguous (Rorschach inkblot and thematic apperception test) -Self-Report Measures: people respond to items on a questionnaire
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Measuring Personality
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1879 (Leipzig, Germany) -Father of Psychology!! -Established first psych lab! -Structuralism
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Wilhelm Wundt
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-established first psych lab in U.S. -mind is more complex than its elements and could not be broken down -expanded research to include emotions and observable behavior -began psychological testing -functionalism!!
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William James
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(United States) -Student of Wundt's -Spread structuralism's!! goal of identifying the basic building blocks of mental life
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Edward Titchener
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-Founded Psychoanalytical Theory in the late 1800s-early 1900 -effort to understand the connections between psychology and physical problems -understand how unconscious!! thoughts cause psychological disorders
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Sigmund Freud
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social
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Psychologists focus on the ____________ aspect
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behaviors
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Trait theories and five factor theory help predict:
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our mental activity consists of the thoughts we are aware of
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conscious level
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contains material that the mind cannot easily retrieve, Freudian slips of the tongue and dreams
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unconscious level
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content that is not currently in our awareness but could be brought to awareness
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preconscious level
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the tendency to feel or act in a certain way
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temperament
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temperaments are broader personality traits
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temperament vs. personality
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your personality traits are more likely to reflect your twin then the family that raised you
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adopted twins example
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aggressive
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men tend to be more ________ than women
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defines people as psychology disturbed
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inkblot test...
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critical thinking
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friendly skepticism equals
