General Chem Part 1 – Flashcards
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| Physical Properties |
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| color, odor, solubility, hardness, density |
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| Chemical Properties |
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| rusting, rotting, burning |
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| Extensive Property |
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| Depends on how much matter is present (mass, length, volume) |
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| Intensive Property |
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| Independent of amount of matter (density, temp, color, odor) |
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| SI prefixes (ex: meters) |
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1000 mm = 100 cm = 1 m 1000000000 nm = 1000 m = 1 kilometer |
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| Cation |
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| -positive (lose e-) -count left on periodic table -smaller than atoms |
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| Anion |
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| -negative (gain e-) -count right on periodic table -larger than atoms |
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| Electron |
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| negative charge located in cloud around nucleus |
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| Proton |
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| positive charge located in nucleus |
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| Neutrons |
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| neutral charge located in nucleus |
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| Atomic Number |
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| top # in periodic table = # protons = # electrons |
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| Mass Number / Atomic Mass |
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| molar mass (g/mol) bottom # on periodic table = # protons + # neutrons |
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| Ammonium |
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| NH4+ |
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| Phosphate |
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| PO43- |
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| Hydroxide |
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| OH- |
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| Cyanide |
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| CN- |
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| Permanganate |
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| MnO4- |
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| Carbonate |
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| CO32- |
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| Hydronium |
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| H3O+ |
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| Acetate |
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| CH3COO- |
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| Nitrate |
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| NO3- |
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| Sulfate |
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| SO42- |
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| Chlorate |
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| ClO3- |
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| Perchlorate |
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| ClO4- |
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| Hydrochloric Acid |
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| HCl |
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| Sulfuric Acid |
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| H2SO4 |
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| Chloric Acid |
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| HClO3 |
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| Perchloric Acid |
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| HClO4 |
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| Acetic Acid |
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| CH3COOH |
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| Nitric Acid |
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| HNO3 |
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| Electrolyte |
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| substance that conducts electricity when dissolved in water (ex: HCl); full ionization |
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| Non-electrolyte |
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| Substance that does not conduct electricity when dissolved in water (glucose); no ionization |
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| Acids |
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| usually have H at the beginning |
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| Bases |
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| usually have OH at the end |
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| Percent Yield |
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| Actual yield / theoretical yield x 100 |
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| Limiting Reagent |
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| - reactant that produces less product |
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| Solution |
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| homologous mixture of 2 or more substances |
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| Dilution |
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| M1V1=M2V2 |
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| Titration |
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| M(H+)x V(H+)= M(OH-)x V(OH-) |
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| Oxidizing agent |
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| -promotes oxidation -is reduced -gains electrons |
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| Reducing Agent |
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| -reactant that promotes reduction -is oxidized -electrons lost |
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| REDOX: LEO the lion says GER |
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| Lose Electrons Oxidation Gain Electrons Reduction |
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| Oxidation number of a compound |
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| ALWAYS 0 |
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| Oxidation number of Group 1A |
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| -1 |
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| Oxidation number of oxygen |
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| -2 |
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| Gas properties |
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| easily compressible, occupy entire container, low density |
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| STP |
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| T = 273 K P = 1 atm V = 22.4 L |
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| Gas Laws |
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| PV=nRT P1V1/n1T1=P2V2/n2T2 |
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| Kinetic Molecular Theory |
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| -molecules are in constant random motion -molecules move faster as temp is raised -elastic collisions -completely fills container |
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| Diffusion |
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| gases mix with each other as a result of molecular movement |
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| Effusion |
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| process in which a gas under pressure escapes from its container through a small hole |
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| Energy (E) |
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| the capacity to do work |
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| Heat (q) |
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| transfer of energy due to temperature difference |
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| Exothermic |
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| gives off heat (-) |
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| Endothermic |
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| Gains heat (+) |
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| Specific heat |
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| Heat needed to raise temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1 degree C |
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| Heat of Reaction |
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| qrxn = mass x S.H. X delta T |
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| Open system |
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| energy and matter exchange with surroundings |
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| Closed system |
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| only energy exchange with surroundings |
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| Isolated system |
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| no energy or matter exchange with surroundings |
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| Enthalpy (h) |
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| amount of heat exchange between system and surroundings during chemical reaction = q rxn = delta h products - delta h reactants |
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| Combustion Reaction |
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-exothermic - something+ O2 -always produces CO2 and H2O |
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c = ?? E = hv |
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c = speed of light ? = wavelength (nm) v = frequency (Hz) E = energy h = Plank's constant
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| Electron movement between levels |
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| high to low = energy released (-) low to high = energy absorbed (+) E = Rh(1/Ni squared - 1/Nf squared) |
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| Principle Quantum Number (n) |
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| row on periodic table (1-7) size of orbital |
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| Angular Momentum Quantum Number (l) |
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| s = 0 p = 1 d = 2 f = 3 orbital shape |
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| Magnetic Quantum Number (ml) |
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| # values = 2l + 1 -l to +l orbital orientation |
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| Magnetic Spin Quantum Number (ms) |
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| +/- 1/2 |
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| Core electrons |
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| number of electrons in noble gas |
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| Valence electrons |
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| number of electrons in the superscript after noble gas |
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| Diamagnetic |
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| even superscript, all electrons paired |
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| Paramagnetic |
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| odd superscript, at least 1 unpaired electron |
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| Electronegativity |
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| Increases up and to the right ability of an atom to attract e- in a chemical bond |
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| Born Haber Cycle |
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| - lattice energy (energy required to completely separate one mole of a solid ionic compound into gaseous ions) - exothermic |
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| Ionic Bonds |
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| electrostatic forces holding ions together in an ionic compound |
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| Resonance Structures |
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| composite of molecule represented by 2 or more Lewis structures |
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| Bond Enthalpy |
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| delta H = delta H bonds breaking + delta H bonds forming breaking: endothermic forming: exothermic |
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| VSEPR (Valence Electron Shell Pair Repulsion) |
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| A = central atom B = terminal atoms E = lone pairs of e- |
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| Dipole Moments |
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| arrow from low to high electronegativity |
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| Cis |
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| same elements on same side (ex: 2 Cl on left, 2 F on right) |
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| Trans |
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| across (ex: 1 F and 1 Cl on each side) |
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| Bonds |
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| single bond: sigma double bond: sigma + pi triple bond: sigma + pi + pi |
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| Antibonding |
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| denoted with "*" |
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| Polar |
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| dipole-dipole and dispersion forces |
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| Nonpolar |
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| Only dispersion forces |
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| Cohesion |
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| attraction between LIKE molecules |
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| Adhesion |
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| attraction between UNLIKE molecules |
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| Ionic Crystals |
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| - electrostatic attraction - NaCl, LiF - hard, brittle |
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| Molecular Crystals |
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| -dispersion forces, dipole-dipole, H bonds -soft, low melting point -Ar, H2O, CO2 |
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| Metallic Crystals |
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| - metallic bonds - good conductor of electricity - all metallic elements |
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| Crystal |
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| solid that possesses a rigid order |
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| Vaporization |
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| liquid to vapor endothermic |
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| Condensation |
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| vapor to liquid exothermic |
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| Melting |
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| solid to liquid endothermic |
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| Freezing |
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| liquid to solid exothermic |
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| Sublimation |
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| solid to gas endothermic delta Hsub = delta Hfus + delta Hvap |
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| Deposition |
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| gas to solid exothermic |
