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Dispositional level

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characertics of persons...the gender role

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Structural level

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positions in society....jobs, postion

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Quantity of friendship

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nature of relationship

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the nature of friendships

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tendency of overstate differences compared to similarities

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INstrumental

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acitivity focus for men (agentic)

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Emotional connection

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conversation focus for women (communal)

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self-disclosure

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Female friendships emphasize

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activities

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male friendships emphasize

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who sex-disclose more

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women

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Characteristics of upholding masculinity interfere with closeness in male friendships

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competition homophobia emotional inexpressiveness

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whose friendships are more overtly competitive

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men

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female different kinds of competion

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personal development

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Competition for men

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limits intimacy lessens friendship satisfactions feel threaten by others achievement

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Emotional Inexpressiveness

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refers to expressing less emotion in releationship

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_______Avoid emotional inexpressiveness because it apperars feminie and is inconsistent

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men

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____ friendships are closer than those of men, they may exprience more conflict and less stability in their friendship

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women

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Cross-Sex Friendship

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a friendship between a man and a woman that is strictly platonic

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______ cross-sex friendships are less intimate

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women

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Maintaing Relationships

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Women more likely to invest in preservation of relationships than do men

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Couple strategies

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cognitive mechanisms that reflect accuracy and bias sexual activity accommodation of gender role attitudes

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Homophily

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is tendency to form fiendships with persons of same ethnic/racial group

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outgroup homogeneity effect

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perceive people of others races as more similar to one another and thus more different form self

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______________ rare in childhood, peak durning adolescence and young adulthood, diminsh substantially among elderly

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Cross-Sex Friendships

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With "empty nest" and with retirement, friendship incresingly important for

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women

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With retirement and widowhood, sixe of men's social network

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shrinks

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Vast majority of adults desire to get married

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desire slightly less in women

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Sexes have similar reasons for entering romantic relationships

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support and companionship

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sex differences more likely to appear when relationships

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are less serious

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evolutionary theory

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A theory presented by the naturalist Charles Darwin; it views the history of a species in terms of the inherited, adaptive value of physical characteristics, of mental activity, and of behavior.

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social role theory

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A theory that gender differences result from the contrasting roles of men and women

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social construction

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The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction

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Quantity of Friendships

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size of network

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When we recall information that confirms our stereotypes and disregard information that disconfirms our stereotypes this is

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confirmatory hypothesis testing

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what are intersex conditions

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conditions where there is inconsistency between the individual's chromosomal sex and phenotypical sex

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biological theories of sex differences focus on

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genes and hormones as well as the structure and functions for the brain

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Which of the following is true about the research on sex differences in personality

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sex differences seem to be larger in more egalitarian cultures where behavior is strongly linked to traits

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which of the following is generally true about the research on sex differences in sexuality

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findings generally depend on how sexuality is defined

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which of the following statements is true of the research on testosterone and aggression

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.there is a clear correlational relationship between testosterone levels and aggression but no certain causal link

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aggressive behavior that is planned and generally socially motivated is

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proactive aggression

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According to social learning theory, what is modeling

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the tendency for a person to reproduce the actions, attitudes and emotional

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according to social learning theory, observational learning increases

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if the model is in a postion of power

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which of the following statements is a fundamental assertion of gender-role socialization theory

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agents in the environment encourage women to be communal and men to be agentic

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who has the most powerful infulence on the the acquisition of gender-role behaviors in childhood

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the child's peer group

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which of the following is one of the main themes of the heterosexual script portrayed on televison

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sexual double standards are common

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which of the following is true of social cognitive theory

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.it combines elements of social learning

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which statement is true about someone who is gender aschematic

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they would not consider gender roles when deciding what leisure interest to pursue

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which of the following is true about sex differences in verbal ability

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on average, girls talk earlier than boys an develop larger vocabularies than boys.

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What do observational studies of children tell us about sex differences in aggression

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they confirm that boys are more aggressive than girls

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which of the following is true, accourding to the research on sex differences in aggression

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men are more likely to be victims of aggression than women

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which of the following is true about sex differences in mathematical ability

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the differences seem to be between small and zero

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what spatial ability tends to be most in favor of men

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mental rotation

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what is the file drawer problem

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the fact the studies that fail to detect significant differences are unlikely to get published

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what is a moderating variable

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a variable that alters the relation between the independent and dependent variable

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the categorization of the self as male or female and the realization that this category cannot be changed is known as

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.gender constancy

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a category that contains information about the features of the category as well as its assocaitions with other categories is called a

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script

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one of the chaallenges with the way achievement motive was measured was that

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women may not have seen the images depicted on the TAT cards as relevant or intersting to them

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the requirement for a fear of success is

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the person must associate achievement with negative consquences.

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Female 12th graders who aimed to pursue traditionally masculine fields but switched to neutral or feminine fields 7 years later tendered to give which of the following reasons

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all of the above

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why is it that women may appear less confident

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hey are reluctant to display confidence when they have outperformed another person because women dont want to threaten anothers self-esteem

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a reason for lower self-esteem in girls given in the text might be that

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girls have less favorable attitudes than boys toward their gender role

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when defining oneself, men maintain an___ self construal: women, by contrast, maintain__self constual

answer

independent; interdependet

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from elementray school through graduate school, teachers

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Interact more with boys than girls and give boys better feedback than girls

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the cause assigned to a behavior that orginiates in the environment is called

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external attrubution

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the sense of self based on independence, individuation, and separation from others is called

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independent self-construal

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womens emotions are more likely to be attirbuted to_- whereas men's emotions are more likely to be attrubuted to

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internal states; situational factors

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Women are more likely to display a___ style of leardership, whereas men are more likely to display a __style of leadership

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.transformational, transactional

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men are more influential than women because

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they are viewed as more credible

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Hall, carter, and horgan conducted a meta-analytic review of the literatire on nonverabal behavior

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females are more accurate in interpereting others

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when we classify language along specific dimensions we find that

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men's language is more instrumental, succinct, and directive

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when a boy brags to and insults his friend, he is showing

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egoistic dominance

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women engage in more_ behavior than men___

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positve;social

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concerning interaction between children and styles of play, boys play in__ and girls play in

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groups , dyads

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the tendency to assign internal attributions for success and external attributions for failure

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self-serving bias

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the cause for a behavior that does not change over time is called

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stable attribution

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the theory that activating the female stereotypes hinders women's performance is called

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sterotype threat

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it is possible that the effets of a sterotype thereat may be nullified by

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teaching people about it

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Interdependence is a broad term including a relational and collective compoinent.Women are more likely to emphasize the __ aspect, wheras men and more likely to empaseize the_ aspect

answer

relational, collective

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accourding to the expectance/value model achievement, we pursue areas of achievement

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that we value and in which we expect to succeed

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theory and cognitive development

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theory by recognizing that the child and the envioronment interact to produce geneder roles

question

According to your text_ referes to the biological categories of male and female

answer

sex

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