question

Chomsky-no dialect or language is more complex or sophisticated than the other. We are all born with the capacity to learn any language w/o formal instruction

answer

Universal Grammar

question

Language Aquisition Device

answer

LAD

question

set of rules that could be used to produce language

answer

Generative Grammar

question

our ideas, what we mean-derive meaning from social context

answer

Deep Structure

question

what we say or write-literal meaning of words

answer

Surface Structure

question

Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught

answer

Natural Order Hypothesis

question

Krashen-Pre-production (silent period), early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, advanced fluency

answer

Stages of SLA

question

Krashen-i+1, language input slightly above current level yields optimal growth

answer

Input Hypothesis/Comprehensible Input

question

Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence

answer

Affective Filter

question

Vygotsky-distance between developmental level and level of potential development. Area between independent performance and assisted performance

answer

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)

question

learner's abiity to apply and use grammatical uses, form correct utterances and know how and when to use them appropriately. The ability to communicate effectively and to vary communication styles appropriately in various contexts. Social and pragmatic competence.

answer

Communicative Competence

question

effect of L1 on production of L2

answer

Language Interference

question

interference of previous learning inprocess of learning something new

answer

Negative Transfer

question

language system "inbetween" L1 & L2 that student develops while learning the L2 but is neither L1 or L2

answer

Interlanguage

question

Social underlying proficiency (conversational language)

answer

SUP

question

Common underlying proficiency - commonalities between L1 & L2, skills, ideas, concepts that students learn in L1 transfer to L2

answer

CUP

question

Cummins-Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills - social setting language skills

answer

BICS

question

Cummins-Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency - languatge needed to acquire academic skills and concepts

answer

CALP

question

A-cognitively undemanding/context embedded; B-cognitively demanding/context embedded; C-cognitively undemanding/context reduced; D-cognitively demanding/context reduced

answer

Cummins Quadrant

question

class of speech sounds, ie. /t/ are the smallest unit o sound that affects meaning.

answer

Phoneme

question

one part vowel

answer

Monothong

question

occurs in unstressed word or syllable -schwa most common

answer

Reduced Vowel

question

organization of speech sounds

answer

Phonology

question

two words pronounced the same but different meaning & spelling, ie. carrot & carat

answer

Homophone

question

two words spelled the same & sound the same, but that mean different things, ie. left & left

answer

Homonym

question

change of meaning by replacing one sound (phoneme) with another

answer

Contrastive

question

change in sound (phoneme) does not change the meaning

answer

Non-Contrastive

question

when a consonant becomes like a neighboring sound, ie. [d]->[dЗ], did you eat

answer

Palatization

question

single sound represented by two letters, ie. siNG -> ŋ

answer

Digraph

question

ch, sh, th, wh

answer

Consonant Digraph

question

two or more consonants together and each sound is heard, ie. "blend"

answer

Consonant Blend

question

pattern of pitch movement across a sentence, the meaning of the sentence can depend in part on the intonation, it also helps mark boundaries of a syntactic unit

answer

Intonation

question

sound relationship between the orthography and phonology of a language

answer

Graphophonics

question

study of word formation

answer

Morphology

question

smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning or grammatical (of, the, and) function. unit consists of root, prefix, suffix

answer

Morphemes

question

added pieces to a word (prefix, suffix) - change meaning or syntactic function to what attaches to

answer

Affix

question

has to be attached to something else for it to mean something

answer

Bound Morpheme

question

can stand alone and mean something

answer

Free Morpheme

question

position immediately before verb

answer

Subject

question

position immediately after verb (direct object)

answer

Object

question

used to express thing involvedin action, possesor, spatial relations, ie. with, in, or into, for, before, without, over, under

answer

Prepositions

question

express manner, attutude, jusdgment of speaker, frequency, time, place, cause, or degree (answer how, when, where, how much), ie. quickLY, fast, often

answer

Adverbs

question

preposition + noun phrase

answer

Prepositional Phrase

question

a group of words containing a subject and a verb

answer

Clause

question

refer to unspecified people of things, many express some idea of quantity, ie. all, seceral, few, none, nobody, somebody

answer

Indefinite Pronouns

question

used to indicate continuity of action vs. its completion, ie. I am singing (-ing verbs), can be used with all 6 tenses

answer

Progressive Form

question

express action or make statement about something that will be completed in the future before some other future action or event-will have or shall have + past participle, ie. I will have watched

answer

Future Perfect

question

be, do, have, will ,shall

answer

Auxilary Verb

question

used to emphasize which items are being singled out and/ or distance from speaker. They are never used alone. ie, which, what, this, these, that, those

answer

Demonstrative Adjectives

question

to identify or number the nouns they modify - a, an, the

answer

Articles

question

adding -er or "more", ie. careful, more careful

answer

Comparitive Adjectives

question

requires -est or "most", ie. most careful (the highest of the comparison levels)

answer

Superlative Adjectives

question

verb forms ending in -ing and used as nouns, ie. SKIING is a wonderful sport

answer

Gerunds

question

mood where speaker wishes to make a statement or a question, ie. "He IS leaving tomorrow." "DOES this plane FLY to London?

answer

Indicative

question

mood where speaker makes a command or request

answer

Imperative

question

uses different form of the past and present to express matters of urgency, formality, possibility, or speculation, ie. "If I WERE..."

answer

Subjunctive

question

if the subject receives an action, ie. She was sold a box of candy.

answer

Passive Voice

question

expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself in a sentence

answer

Independent Clause

question

part of a sentence but doesn't express a complete thought and cannot stand by itself

answer

Subordinate Clause

question

what is said about the subject, always contains a verb

answer

Predicate

question

cannot stand alone, conains a subject and a verb; begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, that, or which) or a relative adverb (whre, when, why); functions as an adjective (answers, "What kind?", "How many?", "Which one?"

answer

Relative Clause

question

a, an

answer

Indefinite Articles

question

the

answer

Definite Article

question

in front of nouns to indicate if referring to something specific or something or a particular type. 3 types: definite articles (a, an, the); demonstratives (this, that, these, those); possessives (my, your, his, her, its, our, their)

answer

Determiners

question

words, phrases or clauses that provide description in setences

answer

Modifiers

question

commonly used phrases that are not literal but figurative, ie. "To kick the bucket."

answer

Idioms

question

study of meaning

answer

Semantics

question

how language is used in a particular setting or for a particular purpose. ie. professor/mechanic

answer

Register

question

awareness of own knowledge and ability ot understan, control and manipulate our cognitive processes

answer

Metacognitive

question

Code Switching

answer

Metalinguistic

question

aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words, ie. body language, gestures, pitch

answer

Paralinguistics

question

switching between two languages when speaking

answer

Code Switching

question

words that have similar spelling, pronunciation and often meaning in two languages, ie. florist/florista

answer

Cognates

question

teaching what sounds correspond to what letters and how to blend the sounds together to learn to pronunciate an unknown word

answer

Phonics

question

providing lots of information and comprehensible input (realia, videos, etc.) before starting a unit

answer

Frontloading

question

acquisition of new behavior; conditioning through environmental stimuli (Skinner, Pavlov)

answer

Behaviorism

question

happens during instruction and gives teachers information on whether they need to adjust their teaching and the students learning. Helps ensure students achieve targeted standards. Students are involved in assessing their own learning and helping others.

answer

Formative Assessment

question

demonstrate knowledge, skills, process by which problems are solved, ie, group projects where students need to plan, research, synthesize information and present; portfolios; essays

answer

Performance Based Assessments

question

Data driven -> standardized tests

answer

Formal Assessments

question

aka Authentic Assessments - content and performance driven, ie. writing samples, homework, journals

answer

Informal Assessments

question

assess what has been learned in the content area

answer

Content Based Assessments

question

based on activities and stories developed from the learner's personal experiences. The Stories are written down by the teacher and are read together with student until s/he associates the written form wth teh spoken form (top down approach)

answer

Language Experience Approach

question

reading for meaning

answer

Top-Down Reading Approach

question

emphasizes written text. Go from smallest to biggest linguistic units Identify letters ->words->sentence->paragraph->text

answer

Bottom-Up Approach

question

students are giventhe opportunity ot understand what they can learn and how they can learn the language more effectively and efficiently->make aware of what strategies they can use and who/when to use them

answer

Strategy Based Instruction

question

focus on formal aspects of language (teaching grammar, spelling, intonation...)

answer

Form Focused Instruction

question

what and why students must learn - performance tasks are directly related to standards.

answer

Performance Based Instruction

question

focus on listening, speaking, reading and writing -student centered, focus on what students need, know, and can do, taking into consideration different learning styles and diveloping skills and other strategies

answer

Proficiency Based Instruction

question

based on the output of language

answer

Production Based Instruction

question

acquire language while using context of subject matter

answer

Content Based Instruction

question

Gardner-bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, musical, spatial

answer

Multiple Intelligences

question

focused on language structure, function and vocabulary

answer

Grammar Based ESL

question

focused on using language in a meaningful context

answer

Communication based ESL

question

developing language skills and grade level content learning

answer

Content Based ESL

question

Shelterd Instruction Observation Protocol

answer

SIOP

question

can be gradespecific or an ESL class. COntent is taught by integrating langauage and content objectives in the same lesson. content is scaffolded to provide comprehensible input and modified grade level curriculum. The goal is to make content accessible while working on their English skills

answer

Sheltered Classroom

question

students taken from regular class in small groups and the work on a specific skill

answer

Pull-Out ESL

question

integrates content area instruction with languge development activities and explicit instruction in learning strategies. Develops CALP skills in English through cognitively demanding activities and comprehension is assisted by contextual support. Scaffolded instruction guides acquisition of conent

answer

CALLA- Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach

question

programs designed to meet the needs of incoming ELL's with low English literacy skills and limited schooling in their L1. The goal is to acquire beginning Enlish skills and core academic skills and acculturate to school system

answer

Newcomer Program

question

continued L1 support for academics through elementary. About 40% of academic instruction in L1. Student is English proficient when mainstreamed. AKA-late-exit bilingual program

answer

Developmental Bilingual Program

question

goal to develop speaking, reading, writing, proficiency in both L1 & L2. CLass is made up of 1/2 English speakers and 1/2 speakers of another common language. Instruciton goes up to 50/50 in each language.

answer

Two-Way/Dual Immersion

question

collaborative learning activities

answer

Kagan Strategies

question

process by which an individual adapts to a new culture

answer

Acculturation

question

pronunciation accompanied by breathing out

answer

Aspiration

question

controls how much input the learner comes into contact with and how much that's converted into learning. Affected by anxiety, etc.

answer

Affective Domain

question

the use of more words than necessary to express something, especially to avoid saying it directly

answer

Circumlocution

question

group of consonants which have no intervening vowel, ie. /spl/ + /ts/ for "splits"

answer

Consonant Clusters

question

belief that one's culture is superior

answer

Ethnocentrism

question

Limited English PRoficient

answer

LEP

question

to make a sound nasal by lowering the soft palate so that air flows through the nose

answer

Nasalization

question

study of distance individuals maintain between each other in social interactions and how this separation is significant

answer

Proxemics

question

study of signs and symbols of all kinds, what they mean, and how they relate to the things or ideas they refer to

answer

Semiotics

question

1st stage of SLA at preproduction stage-students may not communicate during this time except in nonverbal ways

answer

Silent Period

question

focus on grammatical rules, syntactic structures, rote memorization of vocabulary and translation of literary texts

answer

Grammar Translation Method

question

oral language focus-instruction is in the target language with no translation to assist. Focuses less on explicit instruciton of grammar rules and structures and more on the repetition and memorization of language patterns.

answer

Direct Method

question

Uses only the target language. Rapid means of learning a foreign language (used my military). Patterns of drills and dialogue designed to develop grammatical structures and vocabulary in a highly sequential manner. Language acquisition as the memorization and recall of language patterns

answer

Audiolingual Method

question

i +1 is applied- communication activities, contextualized acquisition opportunities presented, active demonstrations to convey meaning by associating words and phrases with objects and actions. Comprehension before production, indirect error corretion

answer

Natural Approach

question

students choose what they want to learn, the teacher serves as a counselor. Said to ease affective situations. teacher gives students chunks of language in the 1st language to insure understanding

answer

Community Language Learning

question

presents learners with simple linguistic situations that they were to observe and then describe in the target language, focusing especially on actions they witnessed. Teacher is silent after sets up classroom situations. Learners have to work with what they know to absorb learning. believes people learn language by forming rules and applying them

answer

Silent Way

question

relaxed environment (dim lights, soft music) students listen to dialogues then practice them Students may "become" a character in the target langauge. Designed to place as much language teaching emphasis on learner personality and motivation as that typically placed on intellect

answer

Suggestopedia

question

equal vs. equitable treatment for LEP students. Supreme Court ruled that schools were to provide LEP students with support to learn English and content

answer

Lau v. Nichols

question

anything that can be seen, heard, felt or touched by the learner that clarifies comprehension.

answer

concrete referents

question

language that is supplemented by contextual or visual stimuli that assist comprehension.

answer

context embedded

question

language that is not supplemented by contextual clues or visual stimuli, e.g. lectures, some types of text books, or telephone conversations.

answer

context-reduced

question

Kagan -- positive interdependence, individual accountability, face-to-face interaction, collaborative skill development and group processing.

answer

cooperative learning

question

i.e. percentile -- how students' performance compares to other students' performance

answer

norm-referenced tests

question

4 stages: honeymoon stage, hostility stage, humor stage, home stage

answer

cultural adjustment

question

Cultural bias occurs when success on the test depends upon understanding specific aspects of the dominant language and culture.

answer

cultural bias (in testing)

question

deep culture = non-tangible aspects of culture such as feelings, attitudes and rules for interaction. Surface culture - visible aspects: food, art, dress, etc.

answer

deep vs. surface culture

question

when two dialects of the same language exist in the same community and are used in different contexts: often formal vs. casual (academic/professional vs. "street"

answer

diglossia

question

instructional approaches that focus on an integrative whole rather then division of a task into discrete sub-skills: in language this means focusing on speaking, listening reading and writing in an integrative mode.

answer

holistic approaches

question

spelled the same, sound different (take a bow/tie a bow)

answer

homograph

question

Made up of parents, teachers and /or administrators. Students are referred to this committee once there are concerns about testing, deficiency, retention, or reclassification for exits.

answer

LEP Committee

question

Local Education Agency: a board of education or some legal authority having administrative control over public education.

answer

LEA

question

the hypothesis that language learners constantly monitor their language output in accord with the rules of the language as they have learned them -- reduced fluency.

answer

monitor hypothesis

question

phonetic element

answer

phonogram

question

the study of a language's sound system including sound-letter correspondence, intonation, stress and rhythm

answer

phonetics

question

focuses on the communicative processes involved in producing a written product rather than the form -- may include invented spellings, symbolic writing or other: pre-writing, drafting, responding, revision, editing and publishing.

answer

process writing

question

focuses on how individuals acquire and use language

answer

psycholinguistics

question

related hypotheses to account for observed phenomena in second language acquisition: acquisition vs. learning hypothesis, the monitor hypothesis, the (comprehensible) input hypothesis, the affective filter hypothesis and the natural order hypothesis.

answer

second language acquisition theory

question

integrated language teaching strategy that includes a variety of ways to make visual displays of information within categories related to a central topic. Strategy helps elicit students' previous knowledge and adds new information while demonstrating a relationship between concepts and terms that are being learned. (advanced organizers or review)

answer

semantic mapping

question

the study of sentence structures and word-order patterns

answer

syntax

question

how language is used by different societal groups and across various social situations

answer

sociolinguistics

question

loss or limited development of one's first language when learning a second language. The result limits they speaker's language repertoire when compared to additive bilingualism.

answer

subtractive bilingualism

question

provides content area instruction in a student's first language while offering ESL instruction simultaneously. The content material gradually shifts to the complete use of the second language.

answer

transitional bilingual program

question

Center for Applied Linguistics

answer

CAL

question

Fluent English Proficient

answer

FEP

question

Former-Limited-English-Proficient

answer

FLEP

question

National Association for Bilingual Education

answer

NABE

question

National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education (funded by Title VII)

answer

NCBE

question

Non-English Proficient

answer

NEP

question

Parent Advisory Council or Committee

answer

PAC

question

Potentially English Proficient

answer

PEP

question

State Education Agency

answer

SEA

question

Transitional Bilingual Education Program

answer

TBE

question

determines the context or meaning of words or series of words. ie. "I can't go." statement / "I can't go?" question

answer

pitch

question

can occur at a word or sentence. ie. CONflict - noun / conFLICT - verb

answer

stress

question

refers to the study of letters and letter combinations

answer

phonographemics

question

the study of how the contents impacts the interpretation of language ie. bartender asks "What would you like to drink?"

answer

pragmatics

question

the learning takes place more through thought process

answer

cognitive processing procedure

question

learning through speech

answer

pycholinguistics procedure

question

a linguistic unit (as a conversation or a story) larger than a sentence

answer

discourse

question

is polite discourse that has little meaning but is important in social exchange. ie. "How are you?" This type of discourse is considered BICS

answer

empty language

question

is a complete system of verbal communication with its own vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation. often associated with specific regions or social groups

answer

dialect

question

nature is more important than nurture

answer

Chomsky-LAD

question

language is a reflection of thought

answer

Piaget

question

social communication which promotes language and cognition

answer

Vygostsky

question

children are active learners who construct their worlds

answer

Collier

question

Krashen-we acquire language subconsciously with a feel for correctness. Learning a language on the other hand is a conscious process that involves knowing grammatical rules.

answer

Acquisition Learning Hypothesis

question

2nd stage of SLA. learner knows about 1000 receptive words and speaks in one-or-two word phrases. ie. yes/no; either/or

answer

Private Speech

question

3rd stage of SLA. learner knows about 3000 receptive words and can communicate using short phrases and sentences.

answer

Lexical Chunk

question

4th stage of SLA. learner knows about 6000 receptive words and begins to make complex statements, states opinions, ask for clarification, share thoughts and speaks at greater length

answer

Formulaic

question

5th stage of SLA. When the learner develops a level of fluency and can make semantic and grammar generalizations

answer

Experimental

question

involves verbal and non verbal communication

answer

interpersonal communication

question

communication that uses written or spoken words

answer

verbal communication

question

communication between individuals that relies on an unspoken language of facial expressions, eye contact, and body language

answer

non verbal communication

question

include summerizing, paraphrasing, listening, questioning, initiating, turn-taking

answer

Skills for communicating

question

teacher gives and acts out commands

answer

Total Physical Response

question

emphasizes use vs. usage

answer

Communicative Approach

question

applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed)

answer

overgeneralization

question

the practice of modifying language to facilitate comprehension

answer

simplification

question

aka stablization...plateaus with L2...so accustomed to an error that he does not hear the correct use even though he is relatively fluent

answer

fossilization

question

reason for learning, level of immersion, social attitude, block scheduling, community value, family and home environment

answer

Factors influencing Bilingualism

question

any mental skills that are used in the process of acquiring knowledge, including reasoning, perception and intuition.

answer

cognitive skills

question

gender social class or status age occupation family's educational level

answer

Social Factor that influence SLA

question

established that schools, as recipients of federal funds cannot discriminate against ELLs

answer

Civil Rights Act of 1964

question

established 3 specific criteria schools must use to determine the effectiveness of bilingual education programs

answer

Castaneda v. Pickard

question

keeps an ongoing record of school performance

answer

NAEP-National Assessment of Education Progress

question

schools can no longer rely on high-performing students to average out the low performance of language challenged students

answer

NCLB-No Child Left Behind

question

demands by ELL groups, polarity among the different racial/ethnic groups, multiculturalism

answer

social trends that have affected the education of ELLs

question

Honeymoon stage Hostility Stage Humor Stage Home Stage

answer

Stages of Acculturation

question

the process by which minorities gradually adopt patterns of the dominant culture

answer

assimilation theory

question

We adjust our speech to accommodate others and commonly convergence occurs

answer

accommodation theory

question

Modeling, Shared, Interactive, Guided, Independent

answer

Levels of scaffolding for learning and problem solving

question

interchange of communication on a computer in which you start and stop while waiting for reply. ie. off-line applications

answer

asynchronous learning

question

a steady stream of communication on a computer. ie chatroom, IM, videoconferencing

answer

synchronous

question

measure how well students have met s=certain standards in a particular language. ie. TOEFL

answer

language proficiency tests

question

is designed to place students within a specific program

answer

language placement tests

question

these test relate t a specific curriculum or course of study. ie Final exams

answer

language achievement tests

question

these test are designed to identify individual students' strengths and weaknesses in language

answer

diagnostic language tests

question

the L1/L2 learner omits a phoneme. ie pronounces "ar" instead of "bar"

answer

omission

question

the L1/L2 learner substitutes a phoneme. ie pronounces "take" instead of "rake"

answer

substitution

question

the L1/L2 learner pronounces a phoneme incorrectly, and the sound produced is not considered normal. ie pronounces "three" as "free"

answer

distortion

question

the L1/L2 learner additional syllables to a word. pronounces the word "like" as "like-id"

answer

addition

question

a transposition or reversal of two phonemes in a word (e.g., basket bakset; spaghetti pasghetti)

answer

metathesis

question

Language as a tool for communicating information and ideas through teaching. Create realistic context for SLA in classroom, focus on functional language usage and ability to express self.

answer

communicative language teaching

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