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Organic Chemistry

answer

study of chemicals containing carbon

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matter

answer

anything that has mass and occupies space

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inorganic chemistry

answer

study of chemicals that do not contain carbon

question

biochemistry

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the study of processes taking place in organisms

question

analytical chemistry

answer

the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter

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physical chemistry

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the area that deals with the mechanism, rate, and energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes change

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pure chemistry

answer

the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake

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applied chemistry

answer

research that is directed toward a practical goal or application

question

biotechnology

answer

applies science to the production of biological products or processes

question

mass

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measure of the amount of matter

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extensive property

answer

property that depends on the amount of matter in the sample

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intensive property

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property that depends on the type of matter in the property, not the amount of matter

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substance

answer

uniform and definite composition

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vapor

answer

liquid or solid at room temp.

question

heterogeneous

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not uniform composition

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homogeneous

answer

composition is uniform throughout

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phase

answer

and part of composition with uniform composition or properties

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distillation

answer

liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is condensed into a liquid

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element

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simplest form of matter that has a unique set of properties

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chemical property

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the ability of a substance to undergo a specific change

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precipitate

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a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture

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accuracy

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measure of how close a measurement comes to the true value of whatever is measured

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precision

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a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another

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Error formula

answer

Error= experimental value - accepted value

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Percent error formula

answer

(|Error|/accepted value)*100%

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weight

answer

the force that measures the pull of a given mass by gravity

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Kelvin Formula

answer

K= °C+273

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Celcius Formula

answer

°C=K-273

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Joule formula

answer

J= .2390 cal

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Calorie formula

answer

cal =4.184 J

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Conversion Factor

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A ratio of equivalent measurements

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Dimensional Analysis

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a way to analyze and solve problems using the units of measurements

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density formula

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density=mass/volume

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scanning tunneling microscopes

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observe atoms

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cathode ray

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created by j.j. thomson. stream of electron particles moving at a high speed

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isotopes

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atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

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Atomic Mass Unit

answer

1/12 the mass of a carbon atom

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atomic mass

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weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring sample of an element

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Percent Atomic Mass Formula

answer

(percent*mass)+(percent*mass)

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weighted average mass formula

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(total number of protons in all atoms + total number of neutrons in all atoms)/number of atoms total

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energy levels

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the fixed energy levels an electron can have

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quantum

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the amount of energy needed to move an electron from one energy level to another

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quantum mechanical model

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determines the allowed energies an electron can have and how likely it is to find the electron in various locations around the nucleus. made by Schrodinger

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atomic orbital

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region of space in which there is a high probability of finding an electron

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aufbau principle

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electrons occupy orbitals of the lowest energy first

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pauli exclusion principle

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an atomic orbital may contain at most 2 electrons

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Hund's rule

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electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy in a way that makes the number with the same spin direction as large as possible

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amplitude

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a wave's height from zero to crest

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wavelength

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distance between crests represented by lambda

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frequency

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number of wave cycles to pass a given unit of time. represented by Nu, (v)

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Hertz

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cycles per second

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Electromagnetic waves

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radio waves, microwaves, infrared waves, visible light, ultraviolet waves, x-rays, gamma rays

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Spectrum

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when sunlight passes through a prism

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atomic emission spectrum

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frequnecies of light emitted by an element that separate into discrete lines

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ground state

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the lowest possible energy of an electron

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photons

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light particles!

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Heisenberg Uncertainty principle

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it is impossible to know exactly both the velocity and the position of a particle at the same time

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metals

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high luster, good conductors, solid at room temperatures, ductile, malleable

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nonmetals

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poor conductors, brittle

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metalloid

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behaves like metals or nonmetals

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alkali metals

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group 1A

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Alkaline earth metals

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group 2A

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halogens

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group 7A

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Representative elements

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1A through 7A

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transition metals

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group B

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inner transition metals

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bottom section

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atomic radius

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1/2 the distance between the nuclei of 2 atoms of the same element when the atoms are joined

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ionization energy

answer

the energy required to move an electron from an atom

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electronegativity

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the ability of an atom of an element to attract electrons when the atoms are in a compound

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octet rule

answer

discovered by Lewis. in forming compounds, atoms tend to achieve the electron configuration of a noble gas

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cation

answer

positively charged

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anion

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negatively charged

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ionic compounds

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cations and anions

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ionic bonds

answer

electrostatic forces that hold ions together

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chemical formula

answer

the kinds and numbers of atoms in the smallest representative unit of a substance

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formula unit

answer

lowest whole-number ratio of ions in an ionic compound

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coordination number

answer

the number of ions of opposite charge that surround the ion in a crystal

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metallic bonds

answer

the attraction of free-floating valence electrons got the positively charged metal ions

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alloys

answer

mixtures composed of 2 or more elements, at least one of them being a metal

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unshared pair

answer

not bonding pair of electrons. causes molecules to bend

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coordinate covalent bond

answer

covalent bond in which one atoms contributes both bonding electrons

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polyatomic ion

answer

tightly bound groups of atoms that have a positive or negative charge and behaves as a unit

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bond dissociation energy

answer

energy required to break the bond between 2 covalently bonded atoms

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resonance structure

answer

a structure that occurs when it is possible to write 2 or more valid electron dot formulas that have the same number of electron pairs for a molecule or ion.

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VSEPR theory

answer

the repulsion between electron pairs causes molecular shapes to adjust so that the valence-electron pairs stay as far apart as possible.

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nonpolar covalent bond

answer

bonding electrons are shared equally

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dipole interactions

answer

polar molecules are attracted to one another

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dispersion forces

answer

attraction because of motion of electrons

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