Final Exam 2 Review – General Psychology

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Which of the following is most known for studying a child's thinking and cognitions and how they change over time? a) Erik Erikson b) Sigmund Freud c) Harry Harlow d) Jean Piaget
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d) Jean Piaget
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According to Piaget,______ is the realization that objects continue to exist even when they can no longer be perceived:
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object permanence
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If Lev Vygotsky were in the room talking about his theory, which of the following terms might you hear him say? a) ego integrity b) private speech c) difficult temperament d) preconventional level
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b) private speech
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Of the following researchers, who would be most interested in moral development? a) Erik Erikson b) Lawrence Kohlberg c) Sigmund Freud d) Harry Harlow
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b) Lawrence Kohlberg
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In which of the following stages of psychosocial development do toddlers learn to exert their independence? a) generativity vs. stagnation b) industry vs. inferiority c) identity vs. role confusion d) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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d) autonomy vs. shame and doubt
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The processes that initiate, direct, and sustain behavior define____
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motivation
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States of tension or arousal that arise from biological need and are unlearned are called____
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primary drives
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When individuals engage in a particular behavior because they find it pleasurable in and of itself, they are said to be______
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intrinsically motivated
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______ results when the desire to engage in a particular behavior is to gain some reward or to avoid some undesirable consequence.
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extrinsic motivation
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A stimulus from the environment that motivates a behavior is called______
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an incentive
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The physiological and psychological response to a condition that threatens or challenges a person and requires some form of adaptation or adjustment defines____
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stress
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A______is any stimulus or event capable of producing physical or emotional stress.
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stressor
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The______ is Holmes and Rahe's measure of stress, which ranks forty-three life events from most to least stressful and assigns a point value to each.
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social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)
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Which of the following receives the highest score on the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? a) death of a spouse b) change in residence c) getting fired from work d) jail term
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a) death of a spouse
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_____is a prolonged and severe stress reaction to a catastrophic event.
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posttraumatic stress disorder
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Everyday______, studied extensively by Richard Lazarus, are irritating demands that occur daily and may cause more stress than major life changes do.
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hassles
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According to Lazarus,_____ may neutralize the effects of many everyday stressors.
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uplifts
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The_____conflict tends to occur when an individual must make a decision based on two undesirable options.
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avoidance-avoidance
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When a decision a person is trying to make contains both desirable and undesirable features, the____ conflict occurs.
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approach-avoidance
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Which of the following researchers is known for his/her work on the topic of stress and the workplace? a) Seligman b) Lazarus c) Albrecht d) Kobasa
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c) Albrecht
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______consists of a person's characteristics patterns of behaving, thinking, and feeling.
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personality
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Which of the following theorists argued that unconscious forces were the main focus of personality? a) Abraham Maslow b) Raymond Cattell c) Sigmund Freud d) B. F. Skinner
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c) Sigmund Freud
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According to Freud, the thoughts, feelings, sensations, or memories of which a person is aware at any given moment define____.
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conscious
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The unconscious system of the personality, which contains the life and death instincts and operates on the pleasure principle, defines the______.
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id
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Strategies used by the ego to help reduce the anxiety caused by too much conflict between the id and superego are called_____.
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defense mechanisms
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Which of the following defense mechanisms involves substituting a less-threatening object or person for the original object of a sexual or aggressive impulse? a) displacement b) projection c) rationalization d) sublimation
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a) displacement
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The notions of archetypes, the personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious are the work of______.
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Carl Jung
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Alfred Adler's theory is called____because of its emphasis on the uniqueness of the person.
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individual psychology
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Which of the following pairings is correct? a) Carl Rogers - conditions of worth b) Karen Horney - archetypes c) Albert Bandura - collective unconscious d) Gordon Allport - individual psychology
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a) Carl Rogers - conditions of worth
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Developing one's fullest potential is the goal of_____.
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self actualization
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Behaviors may be classified as abnormal if they_____.
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cause emotional distress
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In determining if a behavior is abnormal, a person's______should be considered because they vary in what is considered abnormal.
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culture
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When describing abnormal behavior, mental health professionals do not use the term_____, which is a_______term related to responsibility for one's actions.
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insane; legal
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The diagnostic system for describing and classifying psychological disorders that is used by mental health professionals in the United States and much of the world is commonly known as the______, which stands for______.
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DSM; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
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The category of mental disorder with the highest prevalence is_______disorders.
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anxiety
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_______attempt to uncover repressed childhood experiences that are thought to explain a patient's current difficulties.
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psychodynamic therapies
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Jaycee attends therapy once per week. Her therapist instructs her to say whatever comes to mind without censoring it, and stresses the importance of this instruction. Jaycess's therapist is utilizing_______.
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free association
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________refers to the strong emotional reaction a patient has to the psychoanalyst, which demonstrates how the patient acts toward significant individuals in his/her life.
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transference
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Which of the following is a basic assumption of humanistic therapies? a) Individuals have learned maladaptive behavior through various forms of conditioning. b) People need to be directed in therapy in order for it to be fully effective. c) Childhood experiences, especially traumas, greatly impact psychological development. d) People have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices.
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d) People have the ability and freedom to lead rational lives and make rational choices
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The goal of gestalt therapy is to_____.
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help clients achieve a more integrated self and become more self-accepting and authentic
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Which of the following topics would NOT be considered of interest in the field of social psychology? a) obedience b) conformity c) psychological disorders and treatment d) compliance
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c) psychological disorders and treatment
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Which of the following topics would be most interesting to a social psychologist? a) the neurobiological cause of schizophrenia b) why some people perform better when in front of an audience c) the rate of posttraumatic stress disorder after the September 11, 2001 attacks d) how to best counsel a teenager who has a substance abuse problem
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b) why some people perform better when in front of an audience
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______is the process of making inferences about the causes of human behavior.
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attribution
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The mental process of developing opinions about other people defines______.
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impression formation
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_____is the tendency for an overall impression of another to be influenced more by the first information that is received about that person than by information that comes later.
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the primacy effect
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The______is attributing a behavior to some external cause or factor operating within the situation.
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situational attribution
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We tend to like people who also like us - or who believe like us - a phenomenon called_______.
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reciprocity
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_______is the tendency to assume that a person has a generally positive or negative traits as a result of observing one major positive or negative trait.
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the halo effect
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The notion that people tend to have lovers or spouses who are similar to themselves in physical attractiveness and other assets defines the_____.
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matching hypothesis
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_______proposed the triangular theory of love.
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Robert Sternberg
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