question

Active volition is illustrated by _____ your hands to warm.

answer

ordering

question

____ enables clinicians to say that a reading of 1 microvolt is the client's actual SEMG activity and not instrument noise.

answer

Sensitivity

question

A 1-second exposure to currents above _____ mA can produce ventricular fibrillation.

answer

50

question

Which problem can occur when skin-electrode impedance is too high or imbalanced?

answer

increased contamination by artifacts like 50/60 Hz

question

Taub and School emphasized the _____ as crucial to the success of biofeedback training.

answer

relationship between the trainer and client

question

An impedance meter measures the quality of skin-electrode contact in _____.

answer

Kohms

question

_______ proposed the Psychophysiological Principle.

answer

Green

question

Which filter selects signals above a specified cutoff frequency?

answer

high pass

question

Which of these makes it possible for a signal from the heart to be detected from the shoulders?

answer

volume conduction

question

Which of these makes it possible for a signal from the heart to be detected from the shoulders?

answer

high pass

question

Which of these makes it possible for a signal from the heart to be detected from the shoulders?

answer

volume conduction

question

If a bar graph display increases or decreases in 0.1 uV increments, then 0.1 uV is this display's _______.

answer

resolution

question

_____ published early evidence that autonomic responses could be operantly conditioned, increasing the scientific credibility of biofeedback.

answer

Miller and DiCara

question

Below are the impedance measurements for two active-reference electrode pairs. When should a clinician redo her subject's skin preparation?

answer

10K and 5K

question

While recording from the frontales muscles found in the forehead, you also pick up activity from the masseter muscles located in the jaw. This represents _______ artifact.

answer

cross-talk

question

What forces electrons to move in a circuit?

answer

electromotive force

question

After 3 months Cara adjusted to the loud ringing of the phone and her blood pressure was no longer affected by the sound. This change in her reaction to the phone illustrates the phenomenon of _______.

answer

habituation

question

Zeroing an EMG sensor is important because it _______.

answer

calibrates the sensor

question

_____ developed Autogenic Training in Germany.

answer

Shultz

question

What is the correct sequence for preparing the skin?

answer

1. Palpitate the muscles 2. Wipe the skin with alcohol 3. Abrade skin with pad 4. Rub gel into skin

question

Power refers to signal _____.

answer

amplitude

question

_____ measures the rate of electron flow through a circuit.

answer

Current

question

_____ helps reduce 50/60Hz noise during EEG and SEMG recording

answer

differential amplifier

question

If your voltage is 12 and resistance is 4, current is ______ amperes.

answer

3

question

Which learning process is illustrated when a DVD she enjoys plays when she warms her hands and this increases her motivation to warm them?

answer

positive reinforcement

question

What learning process is illustrated when a DVD she enjoys plays when she warms her hands and this increases her motivation to warm them?

answer

positive reinforcement

question

Widely spacing electrodes over the shoulders most seriously risks _____ artifact.

answer

ECG

question

Jamie measures her blood pressure every afternoon and records it in a record book. This illustrates _____.

answer

self-monitoring

question

If Mandy selects a wide bandpass (20-1000 Hz) instead of a narrow one (100-200 Hz), how will this affect EMG measurements?

answer

a wider bandpass will decrease EMG readings

question

Placebos produce the greatest improvement in _____.

answer

symptoms that wax and wane

question

When recording EMG from a muscle site, you should

answer

place the actives toward the center of the muscle

question

Which artifact does the picture below illustrate?

answer

60-Hz

question

When a client believes that she can control stressful events in her life, this means that she has increased her ____.

answer

self-efficacy

question

Karen wants to monitor muscle activity in the lower back. Where should she place an active electrode?

answer

along a muscle's striations

question

In the United States, a notch filter to remove line current noise typically operates from _____.

answer

58-62 Hz

question

The EMG signal is measured in microvolts. A microvolt is ______ of a volt.

answer

1/1,000,000

question

Cannon's term for maintaining a steady state was _____.

answer

homeostasis

question

In biofeedback training, we recommend _____ for relaxation training.

answer

spaced practice

question

Factors that influence the contamination of an EMG signal by artifact:

answer

- skin preparation - electrode placement on the body - cell phone activity - bandpass

question

When an electrode cable is unbroken, impedance measured from both ends of the cable should be _____ ohms.

answer

0 ohms

question

EMG signals are changed into ______ that cross a physical gap during optical isolation.

answer

light waves

question

Support for the "key muscle" hypothesis is _____.

answer

weak

question

Drew wants to ensure that the EMG signal displayed on the monitor mirrors his patient's muscle contraction. Which procedure should he use?

answer

tracking test

question

When Sam is asked whether she'd like to "go for a walk," she turns her head toward her beloved master. Which phenomenon does this behavior illustrate?

answer

orienting response

question

The heart is accelerated by the sympathetic system and slowed by parasympathetic system. This illustrates the concept of _____.

answer

push-pull control

question

What type of circuit does the picture below illustrate?

answer

closed

question

The best way to describe the feedback a patient receives about her biological performance is that it is _____.

answer

information

question

Frequency corresponds to the number of cycles completed per ______

answer

second

question

Mentally scanning shoulder tension during an exam illustrates _____.

answer

self monitoring

question

Biofeedback training is most like _____.

answer

coaching an athlete

question

Forcefully clenching your fist best illustrates _____.

answer

active volition

question

Olton and Noonberg advised that clinicians should set training goals so that patients succeed _____ of the time.

answer

30-70%

question

In biofeedback training, research supports the use of _____ to teach deep relaxation.

answer

spaced practice

question

Who trained human subjects to isolate individual motor units in the abductor pollicis muscle and pioneered the use of EMG biofeedback in stroke rehabilitation?

answer

Basmajian

question

____ completed the first human EEG recording.

answer

Berger

question

Who developed the deep relaxation procedure called Autogenic Training?

answer

Schultz and Luthe

question

_______ published studies, where paralyzed and intact rats were operantly conditioned to produce autonomic changes, that established the scientific legitimacy of biofeedback.

answer

Miller and DiCara

question

_______ invented the electromyograph and developed the deep relaxation procedure called Progressive Relaxation.

answer

Jacobson

question

Sympathetic activation could result in _______.

answer

increased heart rate

question

Serious illness occurs during the _____ stage of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome.

answer

exhaustion

question

A 3-minute resting EMG baseline is a(n) _____ measure.

answer

tonic

question

About ____ of subjects respond positively to an active placebo.

answer

60%

question

Support for the key muscle hypothesis has been _____.

answer

weak

question

Which electrode metal is preferred for low noise and avoidance of polarization?

answer

silver/silver-chloride

question

Therapists always place the _____ electrode over the skeletal muscles they intend to train.

answer

active

question

The first amplification stage is called a(n) _____.

answer

preamplifier

question

A 100-1000 Hz bandpass filter has a bandwidth of _____.

answer

900 Hz

question

Equipment manufacturers use a _____ to specifically reject artifacts like 60-Hz.

answer

notch filter

question

The EMG signal is quantified during the ____ stage.

answer

integration

question

Which confirms that an electromyograph displays a patient's actual muscle contraction?

answer

tracking test

question

The EMG signal is converted into a positive waveform during the ____ stage.

answer

rectification

question

MG voltage to artifact voltage constitutes the _____.

answer

signal-to-noise ratio

question

A dummy subject is used to determine electromyograph _____.

answer

sensitivity

question

The deltoid and pectoralis major act as _____ when they anchor the arm and shoulder to allow the biceps brachii to contract.

answer

synergists

question

____ move a limb away from the center of the trunk or a body part.

answer

Abductors

question

_____ produce upward movement.

answer

Levators

question

After BCIA's Executive Director receives and records a complaint, the letter the complainant receives will direct her to ________.

answer

directly talk to the accused professional

question

Certification recognizes that an applicant has demonstrated ________ competence.

answer

entry level

question

BCIA certificants are subject to the ethical principles of ______.

answer

BCIA and their professional discipline

question

You should never provide clinical biofeedback services to your

answer

- supervisees - family members - employees - students

question

In which position would Wolf start stroke rehabilitation?

answer

supine

question

In hemiplegia, paralysis affects _____

answer

an arm and leg on one side

question

In Wolf's training protocol, which finger would be trained last?

answer

thumb

question

In constraint-induced (CIMT) movement therapy, the ____ limb is placed in a sling for ____ weeks.

answer

unaffected, 2-3

question

Which of these provides feedback for joint angle?

answer

electrogoniometer

question

Bell Palsy typically involves _____.

answer

unilateral paralysis

question

Which muscle group might be retrained when treating Bell Palsy?

answer

orbicularis oculus

question

The initial torticollis treatment goal is to _____.

answer

decrease spasticity

question

Which procedure would be most appropriate for treating Bell Palsy?

answer

motor copy

question

Which muscle group is retrained in torticollis?

answer

sternocleidomastoid

question

Select the abbreviated relaxation procedure.

answer

Quieting Response

question

Based on a total of 17,542 patients, about ___ of patients experienced negative reactions that interfered with relaxation therapy or were severe enough to discontinue relaxation training.

answer

7%

question

Edinger and Jacobson (1982) reported that the most common negative reaction was ____.

answer

intrusive thoughts

question

Most negative reactions to biofeedback-assisted relaxation are mainly due to _____.

answer

relaxation

question

Hudzinski (1993) recommended that clinicians use _____ SEMG placements.

answer

both frontal and neck

question

Which conclusion did Blanchard (1992) reach about treatment of tension-type headache?

answer

3 sessions produced the same headache relief as 16 sessions

question

Electrodes placed on either side of spine on neck

answer

cervical paraspinal

question

______ ache describes tension-type headache pain

answer

steady ache

question

_______ involves painless, often visual, prodromal symptoms about 20-30 minutes before a painful headache.

answer

migrane headache with aura (classic migrane)

question

Which headaches feature intense, throbbing, unilateral pain involving the eye, temple, neck, and face for 10 minutes to 3 hours?

answer

cluster headache

question

The clinical efficacy rating for adult migraine, tension-type headache, and mixed headache was _____.

answer

Level 4: Efficacious

question

Recent studies show that migraine pain starts ______ vasodilation.

answer

before

question

Medina and Diamond (1978) concluded that diet plays a _____ role in migraine headache.

answer

weak

question

Swelling due to fluid accumulation.

answer

edema

question

Numbness and impaired fine motor coordination.

answer

diabetic neuropathy

question

Painful joint swelling and joint stiffness.

answer

arthritis

question

Excessive sweating

answer

hyperhidrosis

question

Diarrhea and constipation

answer

Irritable bowel symbol

question

Hyperventilation lowers blood carbon dioxide to ____.

answer

2.5%

question

Which is not an asthma symptom?

answer

heart rate below 50 beats per minute

question

The average percentage of CO2 in the blood is ____.

answer

5%

question

Which symptom first appears during the late phase of asthma?

answer

scar tissue formation

question

Skin conductance level is measured in _______.

answer

microsiemens

question

Which method of measuring conductance is preferred?

answer

constant voltage with an AC signal

question

How does washing a patient's hands with soap and water affect skin conductance?

answer

decreases skin conductance level

question

When recording electrodermal activity with active and reference electrodes, you would not place both of them over sweat glands when monitoring _______.

answer

skin potential

question

There is no need to abrade the skin when monitoring _______.

answer

SCL

question

Which can be conceptualized as an "idling" frequency?

answer

alpa frequency

question

Postsynaptic potentials are mainly integrated at a neuron's _____.

answer

axon hillock

question

The EEG is the summation of _____.

answer

both EPSPs and IPSPs

question

The _____ is the primary generator of EEG rhythms like the alpha rhythm.

answer

thalamus

question

If you observed ____ activity from a site in the occipital cortex, it would mean that visual information is being actively processed.

answer

beta

question

Sterman's grand mal epilepsy protocol trains patients to increase SMR activity and decrease ______ activity.

answer

both 4-7 Hz and 20+ Hz

question

The Ayers coma protocal teaches patients to increase _____ activity.

answer

15-18 Hz

question

Baehr's protocol to treatment depression increases _____ in the _____ hemisphere since it mediates approach behavior.

answer

beta; left

question

Neurofeedback for autism is rated at level ____.

answer

2 - possibly efficacious

question

The Peniston-Kulkovsky addiction protocol teaches alcoholics to increase _______ amplitude.

answer

theta

question

Correlation between two EEG signals at two recording sites

answer

coherence

question

EEG band associated with brain activation

answer

beta

question

EEG band that may be associated with traumatic brain injury

answer

theta

question

EEG band that may be associated with traumatic brain injury

answer

training strategy that compares clients to themselves

question

training strategy that compares clients to a normative data bas

answer

A score training

question

A cerebrovascular accident produces paralysis or paresis involving _____

answer

the side opposite the damaged brain hemisphere

question

Tension-type headache pain is best described as _____.

answer

pressing

question

Muscular paralysis of an arm and leg on the same side of the body is called _____.

answer

hemiplegia

question

Freedman reported that the primary mechanism in hand-warming is

answer

increased hormonal activation of beta-adrenergic receptors

question

Low back pain patients should be evaluated using the EMG when _____.

answer

standing and performing normal activities

question

Edinger and Jacobsen (1982) reported that the most common negative reaction to relaxation training is _____.

answer

intrusive throughts

question

Temperature biofeedback trains clients to increase the diameter of this blood vessel to warm hands and lower blood pressure.

answer

arteriole

question

Which disorder involves peripheral nerve injury?

answer

Bell palsy

question

Which device monitors joint angle?

answer

goniometer

question

Which device provides feedback regarding a patient's weight distribution during standing and walking?

answer

limb load monitor

question

If you breathe 6 times a minute, maximum power should be seen around _____ Hz.

answer

0.1

question

A motor unit that contains ____ muscle fibers will achieve the most precise control.

answer

3-10

question

In neuromuscular rehabilitation, the final training position is _____.

answer

standing

question

When you ask a patient to match an EMG display of healthy muscle activity, this is Wolf's technique of _____.

answer

motor copy

question

Which of these performs power strokes--pulling thin myofilaments toward the center of the muscle fiber compartment--according to the sliding filament theory?

answer

myosin

question

When the vagus nerve does not actively slow the heart, the sinoatrial node causes the heart to beat about _____ times a minute.

answer

100

question

Worry and rumination contribute most to the _____ band of the ECG.

answer

very low frequency

question

Which statement best describes the success of Wolf's stroke patients?

answer

The best outcomes were for lower limbs.

question

Restoring muscle strength and facial symmetry are training goals for ______.

answer

Bell palsy

question

SEMG is appropriate for treating TMJD when _____

answer

TMJD is due to excessive muscle contraction.

question

Which global measure of heart rate variability is reported in beats-per-minute?

answer

HR Max - HR Min

question

In neuromuscular rehabilitation, which location would be trained FIRST?

answer

shoulder

question

How effective is biofeedback for adult headache and TMJD?

answer

efficacious - level 4

question

How successful is biofeedback for urinary incontinence in women?

answer

level 5- efficacious and specific

question

Dilation of anastomoses (A-V shunts) results in _____.

answer

hand-cooling

question

What helps reduce a patient's reliance on a device to assist standing and walking?

answer

feedback cane

question

Paralysis of the _______ muscle produces foot drop.

answer

tibialis anterior

question

Select the abbreviated relaxation procedure.

answer

Quieting Response

question

The _____ of the heart pumps oxygenated blood to body tissues.

answer

left ventricle

question

In constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT), the _____ arm is placed in a sling for ___ of waking hours for 2-3 weeks, while the other arm is exhaustively trained.

answer

unaffected; 90%

question

Which device would help a patient control tremor by displaying these movements?

answer

accelerometer

question

Who regulates who can practice biofeedback in the United States?

answer

state governments

question

Passively imagining that your hands are "warm and heavy" could be part of _____.

answer

Autogenic Training

question

An examination of the SEMG levels of your patient's back shows the left side is 10 microvolts and the right side is 6 microvolts while standing in an anatomically neutral position. Select an initial treatment strategy.

answer

Lower the left's EMG level.

question

A feedback helmet is used to teach cerebral palsy patients to achieve normal _____.

answer

head position

question

Which relaxation procedure is designed to increase muscle awareness and reduce residual muscle tension?

answer

Progressive Relaxation

question

_____ oppose the specific action of a companion muscle at a joint.

answer

Antagonists

question

In "How Thinking Can Change the Brain," Sharon Begley argues that _____ is required for neuroplasticity.

answer

attention

question

The INITIAL and MAIN goal when training stroke patients is to _____.

answer

decrease muscle spasticity

question

Reduction of paravertebral muscle spasticity and restoration of muscle symmetry are the main training goals when treating _______.

answer

low back pain

question

What did the Study of the Therapeutic Effects of Intercessory Prayer (STEP) find?

answer

Intercessory prayer increased the rate of post-surgical arrhythmias when patients knew that they were prayed for.

question

In the diagram below, which of these forms a neuromuscular junction with a skeletal muscle fiber?

answer

alpha motor neuron

question

When you breathe from 5-7 breaths per minute, this primarily increases the power in the _____ of the ECG.

answer

low frequency

question

Reducing hyperactivity in sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles are training goals for _____.

answer

torticollis

question

A patient presents with a throbbing headache located on one side of the head, nausea, and sensitivity to light, and there were no warning signs preceding this headache. These symptoms are consistent with _______ headache.

answer

common migraine

question

The least effective intervention to lower blood pressure is _______.

answer

blood pressure biofeedback

question

Which best describes migraine pain?

answer

throbbing

question

Biofeedback for adult headache was awarded a ____ rating.

answer

Level 4 - efficacious

question

Where can a BVP sensor be placed?

answer

- temporal artery - earlobe - finger - vaginal wall

question

A behavioral test for a photoplethysmograph involves asking the patient to _______.

answer

raise the hand above the heart or breathe deeply

question

Which is preferred when securing a thermistor?

answer

- placement where there is a - good blood supply - placement on the dorsal - aspect of the hand - porous tape

question

The lifestyle change that most lowers blood pressure is _______.

answer

weight loss

question

In theory, wrapping the PPG sensor too tightly around a finger _____ BVP.

answer

decreases

question

You need at least _____ minutes for an adequate temperature baseline at the start of a therapy session.

answer

5

question

Minimum acceptable accuracy for a feedback thermometer is within ____ degree(s) F.

answer

1

question

Which autonomic application has maintained its rating of "possibly efficacious."

answer

irritable bowel syndrome

question

The most reliable trigger for a Raynaud's attack is ________.

answer

cold temperature

question

Patients can learn to maximize heart rate variability by breathing from ____ breaths per minute.

answer

5-7

question

Signals from the hypothalamus activate the ________ nerve to start a migraine

answer

trigeminal

question

PPG sensors are used in heart rate variability training because they can detect _____.

answer

pulse waves

question

Support for the sympathetic overactivity hypothesis of Raynaud's disease has been ______.

answer

weak

question

Identify an advantage of the PPG method over the ECG method in measuring heart rate variability.

answer

ease of sensor application

question

Which headaches feature intense, throbbing, unilateral pain involving the eye, temple, neck, and face for 10 minutes to 3 hours?

answer

cluster headache

question

Contrary to clinical lore, recent studies have shown that migraine pain starts ______ vasodilation.

answer

before

question

Which blood vessel is the site of a local fault in Raynaud's?

answer

arteriovenous anastomosis (AV shunt)

question

A feedback thermometer should possess at least _____ degree F resolution.

answer

0.1

question

In the Jacob et al. meta-analysis of blood pressure studies, the top-ranked intervention was

answer

stress management.

question

______ involves painless, often visual, prodromal symptoms about 20-30 minutes before a painful headache.

answer

Migraine with aura (classic migraine)

question

Temperature may take ______ to respond to a stressful stimulus.

answer

20-30 s

question

During a Raynaud's attack, constriction of arterioles and venules produces ______ and numbness in the digits.

answer

pallor

question

Select the best thermistor time constant?

answer

1 s

question

Biofeedback for Raynaud's disease has received a rating of ______.

answer

Level 4 - efficacious

question

Which migraine treatments are supported by the literature?

answer

- SCP neurofeedback - frontalis SEMG biofeedback - trapezius SEMG biofeedback - temperature biofeedback

question

You should secure at least ______ inch(es) from the thermistor tip to avoid a "stem effect."

answer

2 or 3

question

When a patient suffers painful vasospastic attacks of the fingers that are not due to an identified disorder, the likely diagnosis is _______.

answer

Raynaud's disease

question

The best clinical outcomes when treating Raynaud's disease have been achieved using ________.

answer

temperature biofeedback with cold challenge

question

If a thermistor has a time constant of .5 seconds, it should reach hand temperature in _____ second(s).

answer

2.5

question

Nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light best characterize _______.

answer

migraine headache

question

Blood volume pulse responds to stress in _____ seconds.

answer

0.5-2

question

Which of these indexes rapid changes in blood flow through a digit?

answer

blood volume pulse

question

When a patient monitored for blood volume pulse raises the arm above the heart, what initially happens?

answer

BVP increases

question

Medina and Diamond (1978) concluded that diet plays a _______ role in migraine pain.

answer

weak

question

Alcohol & asprin ________ temperature

answer

raise

question

BVP measurements _____ be compared across sessions.

answer

cannot

question

BVP is a relative measurement of ___________ _________

answer

blood flow

question

Which could distort blood volume pulse measurements?

answer

cold hand temperature

question

Karavidas and colleagues' most devastating criticism of the Raynaud's studies they reviewed concerned ____

answer

their failure to teach hand-warming.

question

The cutoff for hypertension is ___/___.

answer

40/90

question

Women with chronic headache are more likely than those with episodic headache to experience __________

answer

major depression.

question

An infrared thermometer has a ___ response time.

answer

0.5-second

question

Biofeedback for hypertension has been rated at ______.

answer

Level 4- efficacious

question

Nicotine & antidepressants ____ temperature.

answer

lower

question

The term, cluster, in cluster headache, refers to the fact that _______

answer

these headaches cluster within a time period

question

________ artifact is usually the strongest source of contamination during EEG recording.

answer

Sixty-Hz

question

Which method of measuring conductance is preferred?

answer

constant voltage with an AC signal

question

Skin conductance level is measured in _____.

answer

microsiemens

question

Sterman discovered that increasing the amplitude of _____ activity over the somatosensory cortex inhibited tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizure activity.

answer

SMR

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