Final – Flashcards

95

In Miller vs. Johnson the Supreme Court justices limited racial re-districting by ruling that race could not be the predominant factor in creating electoral districts.

is appropriations made by legislative bodies for local projects that are often not needed but that are created so that local representatives can win re-election in their home districts.

more attuned to legislative needs of local interest groups.

The most common private bills proposed in Congress are concerned with obtaining citizenship for foreign nationals who cannot get permanent visas to the United States because the immigration quota for their country is filled or because of something unusual about their particular situation.

Real power is in the hands of the majority leader and minority leader.

A Presidents veto may be overridden by a two-thirds vote in both the House and the Senate.

in setting the legislative agenda and helping craft specific languages in legislation.

efforts by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies.

The senate's constitutional power of advice and consent extends to approve or reject presidential requests and to set conditions. Two-thirds senators present must concur treaties; a simple majority required for appointments.

Bicameral, 535

2 Chambers.

Sociological

Agency

apportionment of votes in districts in such a way as to give unfair advantage to one racial or ethnic group or political party.

The representations of women and minorities in the U.S. Congress have increased in the past two daces but for the most part of American history, these groups had no representatives in Congress. Even now, their representation is still not comparable to the proportions in the general population.

taxes, trade, and expensive entitlement programs (Ex Social security and Medicare).

economic, taxation, library, and printing.

Constituency service

is the most important party and House leader and can influence the legislative agenda, the fate of individual piece of legislation, and members' positions within the House.

2nd

Expressed

Congress.

don't require the Senate's "advice and consent".

No bill vetoed by the president can become a law unless both the House and the Senate override the veto by a two-thirds vote.

mandated by the constitution.

a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation.

The expansion of government activity in the United States since the New Deal. Congress cannot execute and administer all the programs it creates and the laws it enacts, inevitably Congress must turn to the hundreds of departments and agencies in the executive branch to implement its goals; increasing scope and complexity of legislation

War Powers Resolution

The President's State of the Union address is important because it is a provision that allows the President to become the primary initiator of proposals for congressional action and the principle source for public awareness of national issues; is an opportunity for the president to set the legislative agenda by initiating proposals and directing public attention to the executive's goals.

Diplomatic Powers

The power to declare war. All Expressed Powers Military: as Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and the militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States. Judicial: Provides the power to "grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of Impeachment" Diplomatic: Provides the power "by and with the Advice and Consent of the senate, to make Treaties" and the power to "receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers." Executive: Section 3 authorizes the president to see to it that all the laws are faithfully executed Sections 2 gives the chief executive the power to appoint, remove, and supervise all executive officers and to appoint all federal judges. Legislative: Provides the power to participate authoritatively in the legislative process

Presidential veto is the president's constitutional power to prevent a bill from becoming a law. It makes the president the single most important legislative leader. No bill vetos by the president can become law unless both the Senate and House override the veto by a two-thirds vote.

Cabinet

of its roles in preparing the national budget, designing the president's program, reporting on agency activities, and overseeing regulatory proposals making OMB personnel part of virtually every conceivable presidential responsibility.

to bring the president votes in the election from a group or region that would not otherwise be a likely source of support.

***The cabinet does not meet as a group, except during the State of the Union address. The Cabinet has no constitutional status, Cabinet meets but it makes no decisions as a group, Cabinet members are responsible to the president not to the Senate or Congress at large, cabinet secretaries are appointed by the president with the consent of the Senate.

Enhance the president's power

National defense and the federal budget.

***

a latin phrase meaning "let the decision stand"

Plea Bargains

99

a court order that the individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention; guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion.

Habeas Corpus

***

Currently 8, Normally 9

Congress.

Court Packing Plan was FDR's plan to add a few sympathetic justices to the bench to pass his New Deal programs it came to be known as "the switch that saved nine."

been affected by increasing partisan conflict; more intensely partisan and ideological.

679

Is that of reviewing requests for states of execution when the full Court is unable to do so— primarily during the summer, when the Court is in recess.

***The appeals courts are able to hear all cases involving federal law, but not constitutional law.

Judicial Review

the Supreme Court makes a self-conscious effort to give acts to congress an interpretation that will make the constitution. The Constitution does not give the Supreme Court the power of Judicial Review over congressional enactments.

1803

9,036

Only half an hour

the written explanation of the Supreme Court's decision in a particular case.

The solicitor general is the third ranking official in the Justice Department but the top government lawyer in virtually all cases before the Supreme Court in which the government is a party. The solicitor general controls the flow of cases by screening them before any agency of the federal government can appeal them to the Supreme Court.