extra anthro exam 2 practice – Flashcards
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The Human diet is...
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...Omnivorous
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Anthropologist Sidney Mintz observes that most people around the world usually...
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...eat a common patterned diet of core-legume-fringe foods.
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Why was meat eating important for human evolution?
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It provides high-quality protein for human brain development
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Food security refers to...
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...access to sufficient nutritious food to be healthy and active.
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Why do foragers turn to agriculture?
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Increased population density causes too much competition for resources
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What is the most important thing that the core-legume-fringe dietary pattern indicates about how people eat?
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There is a common general pattern of how people around the world eat.
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Which of the following is not true of how food preferences relate to gender?
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Men always love meat, no matter which culture they are from
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For anthropologists, what is important about the existence of differences between populations in the ability to digest milk?
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-the genetic aspects of the mutation that allows some populations to continue drinking milk into adulthood
-the ways cultural beliefs and practices can support milk consumption
-the social and political power of a milk industry.
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The biocultural logic of local foodways is related to each of the following observations except:
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-people typically have a stable understanding of good taste
-most local foodways have developed to provide nutritious energy to people
-many groups of people will willingly change their foodways when something better, such as industrial agriculture, comes along.
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A foodways perspective on human evolution would emphasize:
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-that people prefer the same kinds of fruit-based diet as primates, with periodic eating of meat
-that changes in human dietary physiology are intertwined with how people grow, share, and eat food
-that modes of subsistence evolve from the most simple, foraging, to the most complex, industrial agriculture
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What do environmental anthropologists study?
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-the impact of pollution on certain groups
-the effects of global economic changes on human-nature relationships
-the impact of sustainable development initiatives on certain groups
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The concept that people have images, knowledge, and concepts of the physical landscape that affect how they will actually interact with it is called
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a cultural landscape
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A social movement that addresses the linkages between racial discrimination and injustice, social equity, and environmental quality is
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environmental justice
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Analyses that focus on the linkages between political-economic power, social inequality, and ecological destruction are typical of which approach?
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Political ecology
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European colonial regimes commonly instituted controls on native people's use of natural resources
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because the colonial administrations purchased the lands where the resources were located
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Economic anthropologists study
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-the decisions people make about earning a living
-what types of work people choose to do
-the creation of value
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Which of the following is a theoretical approach to how economies create value used in society?
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-neoclassical economics
-substantivism
-Marxism
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Which economic theory studies how people make decisions to allocate resources like time, labor, and money in order to maximize their personal satisfaction?
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Neoclassical economics
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The collection of goods in a community and the subsequent redivision of those goods among members of a society is called
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redistribution
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Which perspective incorporates symbols and morals into the understanding of a society's economy?
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Cultural economics
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Gift exchange for Marcel Mauss is based in
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Obligation
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When you are consuming an object, the process of taking possession of it is called
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appropriation
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The main difference between economists and economic anthropoogists is that economists
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try to understand and predict economic patterns
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Why is Karl Polanyi's distinction between formal and substantive economics important?
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It recognizes that economies involve both how people think and the actual transactions they engage in
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Which of the following is not true of economic anthropology?
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It assumes that free market capitalism will take over the world.
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For anthropologists, political power refers to
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how power is used to attain goals for the good of the community
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Power that transcends individuals, operating in settings and orchestrating settings in which social and individual actions take place, is
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Structural power
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Violence is
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socially constructed
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If you applied the notion of transactional orders to understand a scandal in which a college professor accepts payment for a grade, you would most likely focus on
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The symbolic meanings Americans hold about the morality of education and student-teacher relations
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A substantivist perspective on the economic life of a college fraternity would likely focus on
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the spending the fraternity does on parties
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Which of the following is a political act?
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-running for election
-protesting against police brutality
-gossiping about a neighbor to shame them for not fulfilling their obligations
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The importance of structural functionalism is that it
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showed that non-western societies have order without formal government
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How do religious rituals function politically?
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-by legitimating community authority
-by promoting fear
-by resolving disputes
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A structural functionalist would be most likely to analyze violence as
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a means of creating and maintaining social order
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You and your sibling are fighting over who gets to use the family car. When your parent intervenes and seeks a solution that is agreeable to both of you, it is an example of
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Mediation
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The social processes that make race part of the natural order of things--by producing theories, schemes, and typologies about human differences is
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The naturalization of race
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The social, economic, and political processes of transforming populations into races and creating racial meanings is called
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racialization
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When Americans recognize that people are born into a particular social position due to the economic situations of their families, they are recognizing the existence of
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-prejudice
-discrimination
-class
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Why would English colonial leaders portray Africans as uncivilized heathens?
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-to justify African slavery
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The "one drop rule" enlarge the slave population by
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including the mixed-race children of slaveholders in the enslaved population
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Censuses interest anthropologists because they
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-reveal the government's role in classifying and categorizing people
-change over time
-indicate shifts in social categories
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An anthropologist who uses instrumentalist theories of ethnicity would explain the rise of "Latino" food distributor Goya as
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the creation of a special market segment by a food company to enhance its profitability
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A cultural constructionist who studies class would be interested in
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-the ways intelligence tests are designed in ways that demonstrate that poor people are less intelligent than rich people
-the cultural practices of an emerging middle class in a place like Nepal
-the new ways in which class identities are combined with racial and ethnic identities, such as the idea that WASP signifies white or Jew signifies middle class
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T/F: Most human diets follow a common pattern
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True
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T/F: In many parts of the world, food is a very important way of communicating social identity
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True
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T/F: Foragers tend to work less to survive than agriculturalists or pastoralists
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True
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T/F: Societies tend to stick with one mode of subsistence
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False
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T/F: All knowledge systems about nature, including science, are culturally based.
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True
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T/F: It has been proven that overpopulation will inevitably lead to global famine
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False
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T/F: Famines are often caused by not environmental factors, but social factors like inequality
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True
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T/F: The ecological costs of producing beef in the United States are externalized on the landscape and water resources
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False
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T/F: The use of money is a human universal
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False
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T/F: Exchange is a human universal
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True
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T/F: Gift exchanges are important because people everywhere invest symbolic meaning into the things they give, receive, and consume
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True
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T/F: To follow political action one must be familiar with society's rules and codes about who gets to exercise power and under what conditions
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True
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T/F: for anthropologists, power is largely located in the hands of state institutions and political offices
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False
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T/F: When people around the world have disputes, they are most concerned with winning and losing
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False
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T/F: In some societies, witchcraft accusations can work as an informal method of social control
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True
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T/F: People living in noncentralized political systems have generally welcomed their integration into centralized political systems because it provides greater security and prosperity for them.
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True.
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T/F: Patterns of social inequality and racial discrimination have important biological consequences for certain groups, such as African Americans.
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True
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T/F: Anthropologists agree that, in addition to prejudice and discrimination, unearned privilege upholds social inequality.
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True
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There are four major modes of ______ that anthropologists understand as the social relationships and practices necessary for procuring, producing, and distributing food.
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Subsistence
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_____ development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
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Sustainable
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The view that nature and environmental conditions shape the characteristics and lifeways of a group of people is known as environmental ______
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Anthropology
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Sometimes the very landscapes that westerners want to conserve without people on them are actually the result of indigenous involvement and manipulation. These are called ____ landscapes
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Artificial
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The relative worth of an object or service is its ____
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Value
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The cooperative organization of work into specialized tasks and roles is the ______
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Division of labor
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The _____ is a social institution in which people come together to buy and sell goods
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market
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_____ is the economic system based on private ownership of the means of production, in which prices are set and goods distributed through a market
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Capitalism
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______ criticized substantivists for lack of attention to individual economic behavior and rationality
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Marshall Sahins
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____ encompasses the relationships and processes of cooperations, conflict, and power that are fundamental aspects of human life
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Politics
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A society's separate legal and constitutional domain that is the source of law, order, and legitimate force is the ______
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Government.
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A society with no government head or hierarchical struture is an ______ society.
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Acephalous
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The practice in which a third party intervenes in a dispute to aid the parties in reaching an agreement is called _____
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Mediation
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The concept of _______ is useful because it points to the ways in which power is not simply the exercise of will over others but diffused across a social field
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Noncentralized power
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____ is the repressive practices, structures, beliefs, and representations that uphold racial categories and social inequality
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Racism
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After the US Civil War the biologizing of race became extreme and people were defined as black is they had a single African ancestor, which came to be known as the "_____ rule."
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"One drop rule"
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How did Africans become "black" and Europeans become "White"?
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1676: class rebellion was spurred by poor workers and indentured servants. Leaders began to divide people along color lines as a means of controlling people and preventing future rebellions. By the end of the seventeenth century, the terms "black" and "white" came to symbolize the differences between the two groups, shifting the emphasis of stratification from class to "race."
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How does racialization occur?
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"One drop rule"
Racism
Racial thinking
1676 class rebellion
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What does it mean that race does and does not exist?
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"To say that race is a cultural construct is not to say that it does not exist; cultural constructs have an objective reality despite their reliance on human thought."
-Culturally constructed. We base race off of a phenotype. Race doesn't actually exist on a biological level, but it exists on a cultural levels.
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How would you use structural-functionalism in a study of how order in your university is maintained?
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Looking at how religion, politics, or kinship play a role in maintaining social order and equilibruim at the school.
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How do societies that do not have central governments maintain order?
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Group consensus, or informal leadership through people, like elders.
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How is violence culturally constructed?
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Violence is learned in particular cultural contexts, and violence is not primal, arbitrary, or chaotic. It tends to follow cultural patterns, rules, and ethics.
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Choose a meal you like to eat. Apply a foodways perspective to analyze it.
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Pizza. Ate it all the time, every friday night with family. Now that's changing as I am in the processes of embracing a gluten free-diet.
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If you were asked to analyze food insecurity in your community as an anthropologist, what perspectives and concerns would you bring to the issue?
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In Morris, the fact that we only have one grocery store that is expensive and does not offer a lot of variety or fresh fruits and veggies.
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How does gender differentiation help organize women's and men's food preferences?
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Men: eat foods as a sign of their virility
Women: eat softer and more tender foods, or fruits with femininity.
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What does it mean that all knowledge systems about the environment are culturally based?
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Humans perceive their natural environments through the lens of metaphor, and metaphors are connected to actions, thought, and organization.
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Compare and contrast how two theories--formalism and substantivism--would explain how and why people consume prestige goods, like Ferrari automobiles and Gucci bags.
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-Formalism: underlying logic.
-Substantivism: daily transactions pg 216
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How do culture and social relations shape the meaning of money?
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-Culture:
-Social:
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How are economic transactions, consumption, and exchanges related to social and individual identities?
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Appropriation
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A major social impact of industrial agriculture is _____, as can be seen by the creation of a peasant class.
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Agrarianism
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One reason many environmental anthropologists are skeptical of ______ as a sole explanation for environmental degradation is that it doesn't recognize that different societies and people within each society consume differing amounts of resources.
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Overpopulation
