EXP 3404C Chapter 10 – Flashcards
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In the study by Thompson and Russell, there was a toy on a mat, but it was out of reach. Children learned to retrieve the toy by observing a model who pulled the mat closer.
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False
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The Herbert and Harsh study found that cats that had observed a model perform 30 times did no better than those that had observed a model perform 15 times.
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False
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A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.
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overwhelming
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The book, The Last Gentleman Adventurer, includes an anecdote that illustrates cross-species observational learning.
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True
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Videotapes of flossing monkeys suggest that mother monkeys attempt to teach their infants how to floss through modeling.
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True
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In a study by Hopper and colleagues, some observers watched a model slide a door and retrieve a desired item. Other observers saw the door slide in the absence of a model, revealing the desired item. The latter procedure is called the __________ condition.
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ghost
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In Bandura's theory of observational learning, steps taken during observation to improve later recall of a model's behavior are called ________.
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retentional processes
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When researchers arrange for an event to occur in the absence of a model, this is called the _______ condition.
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ghost
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Research suggests that some students who do not naturally learn from a model can be taught the skills necessary to do so.
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True
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The author of your text identifies two kinds of observational learning: _______ and _______.
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social and asocial
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Jill is an impressionable 17-year-old college freshman with average academic skills. She lives in the college dorms with two roommates. One of them, Martha, is bright, attractive, popular, rich, and a local celebrity because of her singing; she seldom studies. Jill's other roommate, Ann, is also bright, but has only a few friends, wears inexpensive clothes, and plays the tuba poorly; she studies all the time. On the basis of what you know about observational learning, you predict that Jill will ______.
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flunk out
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The tendency to imitate modeled behavior even when doing so is not reinforced is called _______.
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generalized imitation
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The first studies of observational learning ______.
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failed to find evidence of observational learning in animals
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Experiments on asocial observational learning raise the question of the extent to which the social variety is truly social.
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True
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Research suggests that humans tend to imitate behavior that is irrelevant to obtaining reinforcers.
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True
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Judith Fisher and Mary Harris found that if a model wore an eye patch, observers learned _______.
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more from the model's behavior
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If an observer watches a well-trained model perform a response, the procedure is not really observational learning.
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False
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The traditional view of observational learning is what the author of your text calls _______ observational learning.
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social
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Those who are most likely to learn from observing a model are probably _______.
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adults
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Social observational learning may be defined as _________.
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a change in behavior due to observing a model
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Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children would imitate a model's reinforced preferences for _______.
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pictures
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Whether children imitate an aggressive model depends largely on ________.
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whether the model's behavior is reinforced or punished
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Of the following terms, the one most associated with Bandura's theory is ________.
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retentional processes
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The earliest experiments on observational learning were performed by ______.
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E. L. Thorndike
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Berger found that one important variable affecting observational learning in humans is the _______ of the model.
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status
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Alan Kazdin found that praising attentiveness in one child actually reduced the attentiveness in another child.
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False
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Efforts to influence people through modeling via mass media are called _______.
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edutainment
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Keith and Catherine Hayes found that their adoptee, Viki, learned more from observing models than some children of about the same age. This was surprising because Viki was a _________.
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chimpanzee
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Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models. In their study, the observers _______.
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listened to models on a tape
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In _______, an observer looks on as a model's behavior is punished.
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vicarious punishment
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There are two kinds of social observational learning experiences, vicarious _______ and vicarious _______.
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reinforcement; punishment
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Some researchers believe that the tendency of humans to imitate irrelevant modeled acts is beneficial.
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True
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The research of Rosekrans and Hartup on aggression suggests that if a model's behavior is sometimes reinforced and sometimes punished, it is more likely to be imitated than if it is consistently reinforced.
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False
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Little of classroom learning is observational.
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False
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Herbert and Harsh compared the behavior of cats that had observed a model perform an act 30 times with cats that had observed only 15 performances. They found that _________.
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cats that observed 30 performances did substantially better than those that observed 15
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Learning is a change in behavior due to experience. In observational learning, the experience consists of _______.
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observing events and their consequences
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You hear on the radio that Smash, the most popular rock music performer in Germany, has killed himself. He left a note ("Goodbye, cruel world"). You predict that _______.
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there will be a rash of suicides or suicidal gestures among German rock music fans
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Bandura says that observational learning involves four processes. One of these is _______
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all of the above
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Models who are not proficient at the skill they demonstrate are called unskilled or _______ models.
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learning
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Herbert and Harsh demonstrated observational learning in cats.
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True
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Ellen Levy and her colleagues found that children's liking for pictures was influenced by the consequences of the model's preferences.
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True
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Observing a model is particularly helpful if the task involved is easy.
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False
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Kanfer and Marston found that college students imitated the reinforced word choices of models, even though the observers did not see the models.
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True
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According to the author of your text, observational learning involves observing
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events and their consequences.
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Fisher and Harris found that observers learned more when a model _______.
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frowned and shook her head
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All studies of observational learning involve learning to solve a problem or perform a skill.
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False
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Research suggests that the tendency to imitate the irrelevant acts of a model increases with age.
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True
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If an observer looks on as a model's behavior is reinforced, we speak of _______.
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vicarious reinforcement
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The operant learning model of observational learning takes the _________.
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natural science approach
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The learning history of observers has a powerful influence on what they learn from models. This is illustrated by the fact that chimpanzees that have had __________ training get more from observing a model than those that have not.
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language
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A panel of experts reviewed studies on the influence of violence depicted on television and in films on the aggressive behavior of children. They found that the evidence for a causal connection between viewing such violence and aggressive behavior was _______.
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overwhelming
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Primatologist Elizabeth Lornsdorf found that wild young female chimps are more likely than males to learn about __________ .
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termite fishing
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Lyons, Young, and Keil actively encouraged children not to imitate the acts of a model that were irrelevant to solving a problem. The result was that the children _________.
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imitated the irrelevant acts
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If the consequences of a model's behavior strengthen the observer's tendency to behave in a similar manner, we say that the behavior has been _______ .
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vicariously reinforced
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In the Thompson and Russell two-mat study, children who observed a model __________.
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did better than those who did not observe a model
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The influence of literary models on behavior was seen in the 18th century with the publication of _________.
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The Sorrows of Young Werther
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Carl Warden was one of the first researchers to demonstrate observational learning in animals.
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True
